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This book represents a guide to the academic, scientific and clinical applications of saliva as a diagnostic fluid. This volume is written by leaders in multiple fields and fulfills a demand for a broad understanding of saliva across a range of disciplines.

Medicine --- salivary biomarkers --- oral neoplasia --- periodontal disease/periodontitis --- smoking --- ethanol consumption --- real-time quantitative PCR --- enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay --- immunohistochemistry --- bacteria --- HS-SPME-GC-MS --- MALDI-TOF MS --- silver nanoparticles --- VOCs --- obesity --- periodontitis --- cytokine --- inflammation --- saliva --- biomarkers --- oral cancer --- oral lichen planus --- psoriasis --- oral diseases --- oxidative stress --- antioxidants --- plaque psoriasis --- salivary glands --- cytokines --- nitrosative stress --- IgA --- alpha-amylase --- uric acid --- stress --- dental implants --- corrosion --- titanium --- metallic ions --- human papillomavirus --- oropharyngeal cancer --- meta-analysis --- n/a

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Biology --- Free Radicals --- Medicine --- Oxidation-Reduction --- Oxidative Stress --- Peroxidases --- Free radicals (Chemistry) --- Oxidation, Physiological --- Radicaux libres (Chimie) --- Oxydation biologique --- Periodicals. --- periodicals. --- Pathophysiology --- Periodicals --- Physiopathologie --- Périodiques --- Biology. --- Free Radicals. --- Medicine. --- Oxidation-Reduction. --- Oxidative Stress. --- Peroxidases. --- Oxidation, Physiological. --- Pathophysiology. --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Pathology --- free radicals --- oxidative stress --- activated oxygen --- redox processes --- perioxidative processes --- Ovoperoxidase --- Stress, Oxidative --- Oxidative Stresses --- Stresses, Oxidative --- Nitrosative Stress --- Antioxidants --- Reactive Oxygen Species --- Redox --- Oxidation Reduction --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Radicals, Free --- Free Radical Scavengers --- Biological oxidation --- Oxidation, Biological --- Physiological oxidation --- Biochemistry --- Radicals (Chemistry) --- Free radical reactions --- Health Workforce --- Anti-oxidative Stress --- Antioxidative Stress --- DNA Oxidative Damage --- Nitro-Oxidative Stress --- Oxidative Cleavage --- Oxidative DNA Damage --- Oxidative Damage --- Oxidative Injury --- Oxidative Nitrative Stress --- Oxidative Stress Injury --- Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress --- Anti oxidative Stress --- Anti-oxidative Stresses --- Antioxidative Stresses --- Cleavage, Oxidative --- DNA Damage, Oxidative --- DNA Oxidative Damages --- Damage, DNA Oxidative --- Damage, Oxidative --- Damage, Oxidative DNA --- Injury, Oxidative --- Injury, Oxidative Stress --- Nitrative Stress, Oxidative --- Nitro Oxidative Stress --- Nitro-Oxidative Stresses --- Oxidative Cleavages --- Oxidative DNA Damages --- Oxidative Damage, DNA --- Oxidative Damages --- Oxidative Injuries --- Oxidative Nitrative Stresses --- Oxidative Stress Injuries --- Stress Injury, Oxidative --- Stress, Anti-oxidative --- Stress, Antioxidative --- Stress, Nitro-Oxidative --- Stress, Oxidative Nitrative --- Stresses, Nitro-Oxidative --- Free Radical --- Radical, Free

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This book focuses on data describing the roles of free radicals and related reactive species, and antioxidants, in the causes and treatments of diseases, examining both clinical and pre-clinical trials, as well as basic research. The book is divided into sub-sections with chapters on toxicological mechanisms, agents that produce toxicity, and special topics including areas such as antioxidant supplements, oxygen toxicity, toxicogenomics, and marine biology. Studies on Experimental Toxicology and Pharmacology promotes the concept of using biomarkers of free radical- and reactive species-induced injury as adjuncts to classical laboratory testing and the ability of antioxidants to provide cellular protection. There is increasing evidence that free radicals and other reactive species are causative, or at least supporting factors, that impact organisms and cause numerous tissue disorders. With contributions from international experts in the field, this volume is a valuable resource for researchers and postgraduate students in toxicology and related fields, as well as clinicians and clinical researchers.

Cytology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Toxicology. --- Pharmacology. --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemicals --- Toxicology --- Life sciences. --- Apoptosis. --- Oxidative stress. --- Environmental health. --- Life Sciences. --- Oxidative Stress. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Environmental Health. --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Physiological effect --- Cytology. --- Environmental Medicine. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Toxicological Phenomena. --- Pharmacological Phenomena. --- Pharmacologic Phenomena --- Pharmacologic Phenomenon --- Pharmacologic Process --- Pharmacological Concepts --- Pharmacological Phenomenon --- Pharmacologic Processes --- Pharmacological Processes --- Concept, Pharmacological --- Concepts, Pharmacological --- Pharmacological Concept --- Phenomena, Pharmacologic --- Phenomena, Pharmacological --- Phenomenon, Pharmacologic --- Phenomenon, Pharmacological --- Process, Pharmacologic --- Processes, Pharmacologic --- Processes, Pharmacological --- Stress, Oxidative --- Oxidative Stresses --- Stresses, Oxidative --- Nitrosative Stress --- Antioxidants --- Reactive Oxygen Species --- Toxicologic Phenomena --- Toxicologic Phenomenon --- Toxicological Concepts --- Toxicological Phenomenon --- Concept, Toxicological --- Concepts, Toxicological --- Phenomena, Toxicologic --- Phenomena, Toxicological --- Phenomenon, Toxicologic --- Phenomenon, Toxicological --- Toxicological Concept --- Environmental quality --- Health --- Health ecology --- Public health --- Environmental engineering --- Health risk assessment --- Cell death --- Oxidation-reduction reaction --- Stress (Physiology) --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Anti-oxidative Stress --- Antioxidative Stress --- DNA Oxidative Damage --- Nitro-Oxidative Stress --- Oxidative Cleavage --- Oxidative DNA Damage --- Oxidative Damage --- Oxidative Injury --- Oxidative Nitrative Stress --- Oxidative Stress Injury --- Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress --- Anti oxidative Stress --- Anti-oxidative Stresses --- Antioxidative Stresses --- Cleavage, Oxidative --- DNA Damage, Oxidative --- DNA Oxidative Damages --- Damage, DNA Oxidative --- Damage, Oxidative --- Damage, Oxidative DNA --- Injury, Oxidative --- Injury, Oxidative Stress --- Nitrative Stress, Oxidative --- Nitro Oxidative Stress --- Nitro-Oxidative Stresses --- Oxidative Cleavages --- Oxidative DNA Damages --- Oxidative Damage, DNA --- Oxidative Damages --- Oxidative Injuries --- Oxidative Nitrative Stresses --- Oxidative Stress Injuries --- Stress Injury, Oxidative --- Stress, Anti-oxidative --- Stress, Antioxidative --- Stress, Nitro-Oxidative --- Stress, Oxidative Nitrative --- Stresses, Nitro-Oxidative

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are 19–24 nucleotides in length, following maturation. Recent evidence has demonstrated their key role as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression through the binding of specific sequences within target messenger RNA (mRNA). miRNAs are involved in the synthesis of a very large number of proteins, and it is speculated that they could regulate up to 30% of the human genome. They control virtually every cellular process and are essential for animal development, cell differentiation, and homeostasis. Altered miRNA expression has been linked to such pathological events as inflammatory, degenerative, or autoimmune processes and have been associated with several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatic and neurological disorders. Recently, miRNAs have been found in many different biological fluids, and this observation suggests the potential of miRNAs as new candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and responsiveness in the treatment of different pathological conditions. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic strategies that involve either restoring or repressing miRNAs expression and activity has attracted much attention. Significant progress has been made in the systems for delivery of miRNAs, even if substantial improvements in this area are still necessary. Although they have been extensively studied, a number of interesting questions regarding the physiological and pathological role of miRNAs have been postulated, and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic role remain yet unanswered. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radical-containing oxygen molecules derived from cellular oxidative metabolism, including enzyme activities and mitochondrial respiration, and play a pivotal role in many cellular functions. Whereas ROS are essential for normal cellular processes, their aberrant production, or failure of the capacity to scavenge excessive ROS, induces an altered redox status with excessive synthesis of free radicals, leading to an imbalance in the redox environment of the cell. The loss of normal ROS levels causes lipid, protein, and DNA damage, which contribute to the development of various pathologies including neurological disorders, rheumatic and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Increasing evidence highlights that there is crosstalk between miRNAs and components of redox signaling, even if this complex and the characteristics of mutual interaction need to be amply elucidated. Hence, both miRNAs and oxidative stress are involved in the multifactorial development and progression of acute and chronic diseases by influencing numerous signaling and metabolic pathways. The Special Issue entitled "Crosstalk between MicroRNA and Oxidative Stress in Physiology and Pathology" of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences includes original articles and reviews that provide new insights into the interaction between miRNAs and oxidative stress under normal and pathological conditions which can assist in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Finally, I would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contribution. I hope this Special Issue will provide readers with updated knowledge about the role of miRNAs and oxidative stress in physiology and pathology.

Medicine --- miR-27a-5p --- acute myocardial infarction --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- hypoxia --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- superoxide (SO) --- Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (TXNRD1) --- breast cancer --- nucleic acid medicine --- pancreatic cancer --- clinical trial --- siRNA --- antisense oligonucleotide --- MicroRNA --- signal transduction --- therapeutic target --- miRNAs --- ROS --- noncoding RNA --- microRNA --- long noncoding RNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- nitrosative stress. exosome --- cross-talk --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- visfatin --- resistin --- osteoarthritis --- synovial fibroblasts --- synovitis --- NF-κB --- thyroid hormone --- liver cancer --- metabolism --- physiology --- ASH --- NAFLD --- NASH --- HCC --- HCV --- HBV --- endometriosis --- high-grade serous ovarian cancer --- endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- chemoresistance --- antioxidants --- miRNA --- cancer --- diabetes --- beta cells --- microRNAs --- translation regulation --- neurodegeneration --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- Huntington’s disease --- ALS --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- therapeutic tolerance --- therapeutic resistance --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease --- Huntington's disease

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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that are 19–24 nucleotides in length, following maturation. Recent evidence has demonstrated their key role as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression through the binding of specific sequences within target messenger RNA (mRNA). miRNAs are involved in the synthesis of a very large number of proteins, and it is speculated that they could regulate up to 30% of the human genome. They control virtually every cellular process and are essential for animal development, cell differentiation, and homeostasis. Altered miRNA expression has been linked to such pathological events as inflammatory, degenerative, or autoimmune processes and have been associated with several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatic and neurological disorders. Recently, miRNAs have been found in many different biological fluids, and this observation suggests the potential of miRNAs as new candidate biomarkers for diagnosis, classification, prognosis, and responsiveness in the treatment of different pathological conditions. Furthermore, the development of therapeutic strategies that involve either restoring or repressing miRNAs expression and activity has attracted much attention. Significant progress has been made in the systems for delivery of miRNAs, even if substantial improvements in this area are still necessary. Although they have been extensively studied, a number of interesting questions regarding the physiological and pathological role of miRNAs have been postulated, and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic role remain yet unanswered. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radical-containing oxygen molecules derived from cellular oxidative metabolism, including enzyme activities and mitochondrial respiration, and play a pivotal role in many cellular functions. Whereas ROS are essential for normal cellular processes, their aberrant production, or failure of the capacity to scavenge excessive ROS, induces an altered redox status with excessive synthesis of free radicals, leading to an imbalance in the redox environment of the cell. The loss of normal ROS levels causes lipid, protein, and DNA damage, which contribute to the development of various pathologies including neurological disorders, rheumatic and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Increasing evidence highlights that there is crosstalk between miRNAs and components of redox signaling, even if this complex and the characteristics of mutual interaction need to be amply elucidated. Hence, both miRNAs and oxidative stress are involved in the multifactorial development and progression of acute and chronic diseases by influencing numerous signaling and metabolic pathways. The Special Issue entitled "Crosstalk between MicroRNA and Oxidative Stress in Physiology and Pathology" of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences includes original articles and reviews that provide new insights into the interaction between miRNAs and oxidative stress under normal and pathological conditions which can assist in the development of new therapeutic strategies. Finally, I would like to thank all the authors for their excellent contribution. I hope this Special Issue will provide readers with updated knowledge about the role of miRNAs and oxidative stress in physiology and pathology.

miR-27a-5p --- acute myocardial infarction --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- hypoxia --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- superoxide (SO) --- Thioredoxin Reductase 1 (TXNRD1) --- breast cancer --- nucleic acid medicine --- pancreatic cancer --- clinical trial --- siRNA --- antisense oligonucleotide --- MicroRNA --- signal transduction --- therapeutic target --- miRNAs --- ROS --- noncoding RNA --- microRNA --- long noncoding RNA --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- nitrosative stress. exosome --- cross-talk --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- visfatin --- resistin --- osteoarthritis --- synovial fibroblasts --- synovitis --- NF-κB --- thyroid hormone --- liver cancer --- metabolism --- physiology --- ASH --- NAFLD --- NASH --- HCC --- HCV --- HBV --- endometriosis --- high-grade serous ovarian cancer --- endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- chemoresistance --- antioxidants --- miRNA --- cancer --- diabetes --- beta cells --- microRNAs --- translation regulation --- neurodegeneration --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Parkinson’s disease --- Huntington’s disease --- ALS --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- therapeutic tolerance --- therapeutic resistance --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease --- Huntington's disease