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"Neurofeedback: The First Fifty Years features broadly recognized pioneers in the field sharing their views and contributions on the history of neurofeedback. With some of the pioneers of neurofeedback already passed on or aging, this book brings together the monumental contributions of renowned researchers and practitioners in an unprecedented, comprehensive volume. With the rapid and exciting advances in this dynamic field, this information is critical for neuroscientists, neurologists, neurophysiologists, cognitive and developmental psychologists and other practitioners, providing a clear presentation of the frontiers of this exciting and medically important area of physiology."

Neurofeedback.

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Neurofeedback is an operant learning procedure where participants learn to gain self-control over specific aspects of neural activity. Thus, depending on the neurofeedback protocol applied behavioural, cognitive and / or emotional effects can be induced. Different assumptions about mechanisms, moderators and mediators of neurofeedback exist, associated with different ways of application. EEG-based neurofeedback is used as a therapeutic approach in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a clinically and pathophysiologically heterogeneous child psychiatric disorder. There is increasing evidence for specific effects of neurofeedback when applying 'standard' protocols (slow cortical potentials, theta/beta, SMR). Knowledge about underlying mechanisms and moderating variables is increasing. Nevertheless, further well-controlled and conducted trials are needed to answer open questions concerning optimisation and individualisation of neurofeedback training. Further improvements may be expected from new methodical and technical developments (e.g., tomographic neurofeedback) and new concepts (integrated ADHD treatment). The Frontiers Research Topic intends to provide answers to the following questions concerning neurofeedback in ADHD: How efficacious is neurofeedback / does a certain neurofeedback protocol work? What is the rationale of applying a certain neurofeedback protocol in ADHD? What are central mechanisms and which moderating variables may affect training outcome? How to optimise treatment? What are new developments and which benefits may be expected?

Neurofeedback. --- Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder --- Neuropsychology. --- Treatment. --- Evaluation --- neural mechanisms --- framework --- slow cortical potentials (SCPs) --- Learning Theory --- sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) --- Theta/Beta --- Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) --- Neurofeedback

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Neurofeedback is an operant learning procedure where participants learn to gain self-control over specific aspects of neural activity. Thus, depending on the neurofeedback protocol applied behavioural, cognitive and / or emotional effects can be induced. Different assumptions about mechanisms, moderators and mediators of neurofeedback exist, associated with different ways of application. EEG-based neurofeedback is used as a therapeutic approach in attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a clinically and pathophysiologically heterogeneous child psychiatric disorder. There is increasing evidence for specific effects of neurofeedback when applying 'standard' protocols (slow cortical potentials, theta/beta, SMR). Knowledge about underlying mechanisms and moderating variables is increasing. Nevertheless, further well-controlled and conducted trials are needed to answer open questions concerning optimisation and individualisation of neurofeedback training. Further improvements may be expected from new methodical and technical developments (e.g., tomographic neurofeedback) and new concepts (integrated ADHD treatment). The Frontiers Research Topic intends to provide answers to the following questions concerning neurofeedback in ADHD: How efficacious is neurofeedback / does a certain neurofeedback protocol work? What is the rationale of applying a certain neurofeedback protocol in ADHD? What are central mechanisms and which moderating variables may affect training outcome? How to optimise treatment? What are new developments and which benefits may be expected?

Neurofeedback. --- Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder --- Neuropsychology. --- Evaluation --- neural mechanisms --- framework --- slow cortical potentials (SCPs) --- Learning Theory --- sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) --- Theta/Beta --- Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) --- Neurofeedback --- Treatment.

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Mounting evidence in the last years has demonstrated that self-regulation of brain activity can successfully be achieved by neurofeedback (NF). These methodologies have constituted themselves as new tools for cognitive neuroscience establishing causal links between voluntary brain activations and cognition and behavior, and as potential novel approaches for clinical applications in severe neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson´s disease, etc.). Current developments of brain imaging-based neurofeedback include the study of the behavioral modifications and neural reorganization produced by learned regulation of the activity of circumscribed brain regions and neuronal network activations. In a rapidly developing field, many open questions and controversies have arisen, i.e. choosing the proper experimental design, the adequate use of control conditions and subjects, the mechanism of learning involved in brain self-regulation, and the still unexplored potential long-lasting effect on brain reorganization and clinical alleviation, among others. This special issue on self-regulation of the brain of emotion and attention using NF approaches interested authors to report technical and methodological advances, scientific investigations in understanding the relation between brain activity and behaviour using NF, and finally studies developing clinical treatment of emotional and attentional disorders. The editors of this special issue anticipate rapid developments in this emerging field.

Brain-Computer Interfaces --- emotion --- Attention --- real-time fMRI --- Neuromodulation --- Neurofeedback --- brain-machine interfaces

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The premise of neuroplasticity on enhancing cognitive functioning among healthy as well as cognitively impaired individuals across the lifespan, and the potential of harnessing these processes to prevent cognitive decline attract substantial scientific and public interest. Indeed, the systematic evidence base for cognitive training, video games, physical exercise and other forms of brain stimulation such as entrain brain activity is growing rapidly. This Research Topic (RT) focused on recent research conducted in the field of cognitive and brain plasticity induced by physical activity, different types of cognitive training, including computerized interventions, learning therapy, video games, and combined intervention approaches as well as other forms of brain stimulation that target brain activity, including electroencephalography and neurofeedback. It contains 49 contributions to the topic, including Original Research articles (37), Clinical Trials (2), Reviews (5), Mini Reviews (2), Hypothesis and Theory (1), and Corrections (2).

ERPs --- fMRI --- working memory --- combined interventions --- aging --- physical exercise --- cognitive training --- neuroplasticity --- neurofeedback --- video games