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euromodulation is among the fastest-growing areas of medicine, involving many diverse specialties and affecting hundreds of thousands of patients with numerous disorders worldwide. It can briefly be described as the science of how electrical, chemical, and mechanical interventions can modulate the nervous system function. A prominent example of neuromodulation is deep brain stimulation (DBS), an intervention that reflects a fundamental shift in the understanding of neurological and psychiatric diseases: namely as resulting from a dysfunctional activity pattern in a defined neuronal network that can be normalized by targeted stimulation. The application of DBS has grown remarkably and more than 130,000 patients worldwide have obtained a DBS intervention in the past 30 years—most of them for treating movement disorders. This Frontiers Research Topics provides an overview on the current discussion beyond basic research in DBS and other brain stimulation technologies. Researchers from various disciplines, who are working on broader clinical, ethical and social issues related to DBS and related neuromodulation technologies, have contributed to this research topic.

Informed Consent --- Deep Brain Stimulation --- Depression --- Neurosurgery --- Movement Disorders --- Neuromodulation --- Enhancement --- Neuroethics --- Philosophy

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Philosophy. --- Psychology. --- Psychology --- Philosophy --- Psychologie --- Philosophie --- Periodicals. --- Périodiques --- philosophy --- psychology --- cognitive sciences --- neuroethics --- human behaviour --- Behavioral sciences --- Mental philosophy --- Mind --- Science, Mental --- Industries --- Human biology --- Soul --- Mental health --- Humanities

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Intracerebral interventions raise particular ethical issues. For instance, attempts at replacing lost or altered brain cells with the help of stem cells or the therapeutic application of Deep Brain Stimulation would have morally relevant implications. Many medically relevant questions and ethical concerns need to be clarified before these intracerebral interventions can become routine procedure: If the brain is conceived as the carrier of an individual's personality or of the self then operations on the brain can be seen as intrusions upon one's personality. The book addresses historical, philosophical, social and legal implications of these new developments in the neurosciences and aims at resolving some of the dilemmas that go hand in hand with »implanted minds«.

Neuroethics; Deep Brain Stimulation; Regenerative Medicine; Stem Cells; Medicine; Ethics; Life; Medical Ethics; Bioethics; Sociology --- Bioethics. --- Deep Brain Stimulation. --- Ethics. --- Life. --- Medical Ethics. --- Medicine. --- Regenerative Medicine. --- Sociology. --- Stem Cells.

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A cross-disciplinary approach is offered to consider the challenge of emerging technologies designed to enhance human bodies and minds. Perspectives from philosophy, ethics, law, and policy are applied to a wide variety of enhancements, including integration of technology within human bodies, as well as genetic, biological, and pharmacological modifications. Humans may be permanently or temporarily enhanced with artificial parts by manipulating (or reprogramming) human DNA and through other enhancement techniques (and combinations thereof). We are on the cusp of significantly modifying (and perhaps improving) the human ecosystem. This evolution necessitates a continuing effort to re-evaluate current laws and, if appropriate, to modify such laws or develop new laws that address enhancement technology. A legal, ethical, and policy response to current and future human enhancements should strive to protect the rights of all involved and to recognize the responsibilities of humans to other conscious and living beings, regardless of what they look like or what abilities they have (or lack). A potential ethical approach is outlined in which rights and responsibilities should be respected even if enhanced humans are perceived by non-enhanced (or less-enhanced) humans as “no longer human” at all.

Technology: general issues --- cyborgs --- implants --- posthumans --- Homo technologicus --- Homo sapiens --- human-machine interaction --- cyborg --- enhancement technology --- prosthesis --- brain–computer interface --- new senses --- identity --- neuroprosthesis --- patent law --- copyright law --- cognitive liberty --- international law --- evolution --- cultural technology --- human enhancement --- engineering --- bionics --- biotechnology --- disability --- marketing --- cultural studies --- Disney --- supercrip --- human enhancements --- autonomy --- informed consent --- moral enhancement --- vulnerability --- numeric identity --- military ethics --- human–machine interaction --- upgrading humans --- superhumans --- gene editing --- embryo selection --- CRISPR --- cognitive enhancement --- assisted reproductive technologies (ART) --- public opinion --- in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) --- genome-wide association studies (GWAS) --- brain–computer interface (BCI) --- brain–machine interface (BMI) --- ethical --- legal and social Issues (ELSI) --- neuroethics --- narrative review --- intellectual property --- copyright --- neuropolitics --- brain science --- voting --- human rights --- ethics --- discrimination --- racism --- speciesism --- ableism --- human–robot interaction --- mind --- sense of agency --- alienation --- n/a --- brain-computer interface --- brain-computer interface (BCI) --- brain-machine interface (BMI) --- human-robot interaction

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A cross-disciplinary approach is offered to consider the challenge of emerging technologies designed to enhance human bodies and minds. Perspectives from philosophy, ethics, law, and policy are applied to a wide variety of enhancements, including integration of technology within human bodies, as well as genetic, biological, and pharmacological modifications. Humans may be permanently or temporarily enhanced with artificial parts by manipulating (or reprogramming) human DNA and through other enhancement techniques (and combinations thereof). We are on the cusp of significantly modifying (and perhaps improving) the human ecosystem. This evolution necessitates a continuing effort to re-evaluate current laws and, if appropriate, to modify such laws or develop new laws that address enhancement technology. A legal, ethical, and policy response to current and future human enhancements should strive to protect the rights of all involved and to recognize the responsibilities of humans to other conscious and living beings, regardless of what they look like or what abilities they have (or lack). A potential ethical approach is outlined in which rights and responsibilities should be respected even if enhanced humans are perceived by non-enhanced (or less-enhanced) humans as “no longer human” at all.

cyborgs --- implants --- posthumans --- Homo technologicus --- Homo sapiens --- human-machine interaction --- cyborg --- enhancement technology --- prosthesis --- brain–computer interface --- new senses --- identity --- neuroprosthesis --- patent law --- copyright law --- cognitive liberty --- international law --- evolution --- cultural technology --- human enhancement --- engineering --- bionics --- biotechnology --- disability --- marketing --- cultural studies --- Disney --- supercrip --- human enhancements --- autonomy --- informed consent --- moral enhancement --- vulnerability --- numeric identity --- military ethics --- human–machine interaction --- upgrading humans --- superhumans --- gene editing --- embryo selection --- CRISPR --- cognitive enhancement --- assisted reproductive technologies (ART) --- public opinion --- in vitro gametogenesis (IVG) --- genome-wide association studies (GWAS) --- brain–computer interface (BCI) --- brain–machine interface (BMI) --- ethical --- legal and social Issues (ELSI) --- neuroethics --- narrative review --- intellectual property --- copyright --- neuropolitics --- brain science --- voting --- human rights --- ethics --- discrimination --- racism --- speciesism --- ableism --- human–robot interaction --- mind --- sense of agency --- alienation --- n/a --- brain-computer interface --- brain-computer interface (BCI) --- brain-machine interface (BMI) --- human-robot interaction