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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- G-protein couple receptor --- adhesion --- affective disorders --- molecular evolution --- transmembrane proteins --- neural development --- neuroplasticity --- synapse formation --- G-protein couple receptor --- adhesion --- affective disorders --- molecular evolution --- transmembrane proteins --- neural development --- neuroplasticity --- synapse formation

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The Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling pathway is a key regulator of cell fate specification, differentiation, and growth in multiple systems throughout the animal kingdom. In vertebrate posterior neural development, Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling controls this complex multistep process. It initially induces the posterior regions of the nervous system, including the mid-hindbrain border, hindbrain, spinal cord and neural crest, and then subsequently fine-tunes the pattern of each region and determines the different cell fates within them. In this review, we explore the function of the Wnt/[beta]-catenin pathway during the formation of these specific posterior neural regions. We have examined the important transcriptional targets of the Wnt/[beta]-catenin pathway acting downstream to mediate its morphogenetic activity. Different regulatory networks are activated in different posterior neural regions, and these networks induce specific neural cell types in each region. Eludidating how each of these networks specify different cell fates is crucial for understanding the basic tenets of how Wnt morphogenetic activity induces the posterior nervous system during the earliest stages of vertebrate development.

Evolution. --- Morphogenesis. --- Neural development. --- Chordata --- Armadillo Domain Proteins --- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Catenins --- Anatomy --- Transcription Factors --- Cytoskeletal Proteins --- Proteins --- Biological Factors --- Animals --- Peptides --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Eukaryota --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Organisms --- Vertebrates --- beta Catenin --- Wnt Proteins --- Nervous System --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neuroscience --- Cranial fossa, Posterior --- Wnt proteins. --- Growth. --- Wnt genes. --- Developmental neurobiology. --- Wnt Proteins. --- Neurogenesis. --- Cell Differentiation. --- Wnt/[beta]-catenin signaling --- vertebrate development --- neural patterning --- neural caudalization --- posterior neural cell fate specification --- neural induction

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A fun and fact-filled A-Z treasury for anyone with a head on their shoulders, Neuropedia journeys into the mysteries and marvels of the three pounds of tissue between your ears—the brain. Eric Chudler takes you on a breathtaking tour of the nervous system with dozens of entries that explore the structure and function of the brain and cover topics such as the spinal cord and nerve cells, the methods of neuroscientific research, and the visionary scientists who have dedicated their lives to understanding what makes each of us who we are. The brain has fascinated and puzzled researchers, physicians, and philosophers for thousands of years and captivated us with each new discovery. This compendium of neuroscientific wonders is brimming with facts and insights, helping us to make sense of our current understanding of the nervous system while identifying the frontiers in our knowledge that remain unexplored. Chudler guides readers through a variety of rare and common neurological disorders such as alien hand disorder, Capgras syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke, and discusses the latest brain-imaging methods used to diagnose them. He discusses neurochemicals, neurotoxins, and lifesaving drugs, and offers bold perspectives on human consciousness that enable us to better appreciate our place in nature. With marvelous illustrations by Kelly Chudler, Neuropedia is an informative and entertaining trip into the inner world of the brain.

Brain. --- Brain --- Brain --- Acetylcholine receptor. --- Acetylcholine. --- Action potential. --- Addiction. --- Agenesis of the corpus callosum. --- Alien hand syndrome. --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Amnesia. --- Amphibian. --- Anger. --- Anterior cerebral artery. --- Anxiolytic. --- Arachnoid mater. --- Astrocyte. --- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. --- Axon terminal. --- Axon. --- Blood vessel. --- Blood-brain barrier. --- Brain damage. --- Brain injury. --- CT scan. --- Catalepsy. --- Cerebellum. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Cerebrospinal fluid. --- Chemical synapse. --- Cocaine. --- Coronavirus. --- Covid-19. --- Cranial nerves. --- Delicacy. --- Dementia with Lewy bodies. --- Dendrite. --- Dextroamphetamine. --- Dopamine. --- Dura mater. --- Electrode. --- Electroencephalography. --- Epilepsy. --- Eye movement. --- Gamma-Aminobutyric acid. --- Headache. --- Hormone. --- Human brain. --- Hypothalamus. --- Insecticide. --- Ion channel. --- James W. Watts. --- L-DOPA. --- Lewy body. --- Local anesthetic. --- MDMA. --- Meningitis. --- Muscle. --- Narcolepsy. --- Nerve agent. --- Neural development. --- Neurological disorder. --- Neuron. --- Neuroscientist. --- Neurotransmitter. --- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. --- Node of Ranvier. --- On Intelligence. --- Oval window. --- Panaeolus. --- Parietal lobe. --- Parkinson's disease. --- Pathology. --- Peripheral nervous system. --- Posterior cerebral artery. --- Princeton University. --- Prosopagnosia. --- Psychology. --- Radio frequency. --- Rapid eye movement sleep. --- Receptor (biochemistry). --- Riluzole. --- Rosemary Kennedy. --- Schizophrenia. --- Scientist. --- Serotonin. --- Short-term memory. --- Sleep disorder. --- Sodium. --- Spatial memory. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Stimulant. --- Symptom. --- Syndrome. --- Temporal lobe. --- The Canon of Medicine. --- Toothpaste. --- Tourette syndrome. --- Ventricular system. --- Visual Objects. --- Vomiting. --- Wernicke's encephalopathy. --- Anatomy. --- Physiology. --- Acetylcholine receptor. --- Acetylcholine. --- Action potential. --- Addiction. --- Agenesis of the corpus callosum. --- Alien hand syndrome. --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Amnesia. --- Amphibian. --- Anger. --- Anterior cerebral artery. --- Anxiolytic. --- Arachnoid mater. --- Astrocyte. --- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. --- Axon terminal. --- Axon. --- Blood vessel. --- Blood-brain barrier. --- Brain damage. --- Brain injury. --- CT scan. --- Catalepsy. --- Cerebellum. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Cerebrospinal fluid. --- Chemical synapse. --- Cocaine. --- Coronavirus. --- Covid-19. --- Cranial nerves. --- Delicacy. --- Dementia with Lewy bodies. --- Dendrite. --- Dextroamphetamine. --- Dopamine. --- Dura mater. --- Electrode. --- Electroencephalography. --- Epilepsy. --- Eye movement. --- Gamma-Aminobutyric acid. --- Headache. --- Hormone. --- Human brain. --- Hypothalamus. --- Insecticide. --- Ion channel. --- James W. Watts. --- L-DOPA. --- Lewy body. --- Local anesthetic. --- MDMA. --- Meningitis. --- Muscle. --- Narcolepsy. --- Nerve agent. --- Neural development. --- Neurological disorder. --- Neuron. --- Neuroscientist. --- Neurotransmitter. --- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. --- Node of Ranvier. --- On Intelligence. --- Oval window. --- Panaeolus. --- Parietal lobe. --- Parkinson's disease. --- Pathology. --- Peripheral nervous system. --- Posterior cerebral artery. --- Princeton University. --- Prosopagnosia. --- Psychology. --- Radio frequency. --- Rapid eye movement sleep. --- Receptor (biochemistry). --- Riluzole. --- Rosemary Kennedy. --- Schizophrenia. --- Scientist. --- Serotonin. --- Short-term memory. --- Sleep disorder. --- Sodium. --- Spatial memory. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Stimulant. --- Symptom. --- Syndrome. --- Temporal lobe. --- The Canon of Medicine. --- Toothpaste. --- Tourette syndrome. --- Ventricular system. --- Visual Objects. --- Vomiting. --- Wernicke's encephalopathy.