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Black English --- African Americans --- Americanisms --- Languages --- African Continental Ancestry Group. --- Linguistics. --- -Black English --- African American English --- American black dialect --- Ebonics --- Negro-English dialects --- English language --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Linguistic --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Provincialisms --- Dialects --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Linguistics --- Black Person --- Black Peoples --- Black Persons --- People, Black --- Person, Black --- Persons, Black --- African Americans - Languages --- BLACK ENGLISH (LANGUE) --- NOIRS AMERICAINS --- AMERICANISMES --- ETATS-UNIS --- LANGUES

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African Americans --- Minorities --- African American Studies. --- Higher Education. --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Education --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Activities, Educational --- Educational Activities --- Workshops --- Literacy Programs --- Training Programs --- Activity, Educational --- Educational Activity --- Literacy Program --- Program, Literacy --- Program, Training --- Programs, Literacy --- Programs, Training --- Training Program --- Workshop --- Students --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Education (Higher) --- education --- Sociology of minorities --- Higher education --- United States --- Arts and Humanities --- Education & Careers --- General and Others --- minderheden --- United States of America

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C’est en décembre 1947 que le premier numéro de la revue Présence africaine voit le jour. Il couronne le rêve de son fondateur, Alioune Diop (1910-1980), qui l’avait déjà imaginé dès la fin de seconde guerre mondiale. Sur le plan historique, la revue suit les traces de celles qui ont été créées dès la fin de la première guerre par des Africains, les Noirs américains et les Antillais, Le Cri de Nègres, La Revue du Monde noir (1931), Légitime défense (1932, un seul numéro), L’étudiant noir (1934-1940), Tropiques (cofondée par Aimé Césaire et René Ménil). Elle se distingue cependant de toutes celles-ci parce qu’elle veut réunir et donner à entendre toutes les voix des Noirs du monde qui vivent tous sans exception, quelle que soit leur langue d’expression, une même expérience historique de la dépossession, du déni d’identité, de la souffrance due à l’esclavage et à la colonisation. Pour faire entendre cette voix et faire mesurer l’intensité et la réalité de cette présence des Nègres au monde, Alioune Diop fait appel, pour le premier numéro, a de prestigieux parrains parmi lesquels André Gide, Jean-Paul Sartre, Théodore Monod, Emmanuel Mounier, Albert Camus, Michel Leiris. Ceux-ci côtoient de prestigieux intellectuels noirs parmi lesquels, L. S. Senghor, Aimé Césaire et Richard Wright. En faisant figurer côte à côte des intellectuels européens et non européens dès le premier numéro de sa revue, Alioune Diop voulait déplacer le débat de la rencontre des peuples et des civilisations qui agitaient les revues précédentes sur le strict terrain de la pensée et de la culture. André Gide ne s’était pas trompé lorsqu’il écrivait en conclusion de son avant-propos du premier numéro : « Présence africaine se propose un vaste programme : accueillir tout ce qui a trait à la cause des Noirs, et toute voix du peuple noir qui lui paraisse mériter d’être entendue. » De fait, plus précisément, la revue avait choisi une ligne éditoriale de laquelle elle n’allait pas dévier : – faire connaître une pensée africaine englobant à la fois la philosophie et les sciences humaines ; – promouvoir les littératures africaines et leur critique. Cette ambition critique éloignait la revue de toute visée politique au mauvais sens du mot. Dans son liminaire « Niam n’goura ou les raisons d’être de Présence Africaine », Alioune Diop précisait d’ailleurs : « Cette revue ne se place sous l’obédience d’aucune idéologie philosophique ou politique. Elle veut s’ouvrir à la collaboration de tous les hommes de bonne volonté (blancs, jaunes ou noirs), susceptibles de nous aider à définir l’originalité africaine et de hâter son insertion dans le monde moderne ».

Blacks --- BLACKS. --- CULTURAL ASPECTS. --- AFRICA. --- Blacks. --- Civilization. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- Africa, Sub-Saharan. --- Civilization --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Subsaharan Africa. --- culture. --- social sciences. --- literature (form) --- Barbarism --- Civilisation --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Negroes --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Black --- Subsaharan --- Tropical --- African Continental Ancestry Group. --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Sub-Saharan Africa. --- Noirs --- Afrique --- Black persons --- Black people --- Africa --- Black people. --- Africa. --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Black Person --- Black Peoples --- Black Persons --- People, Black --- Person, Black --- Persons, Black --- African-Americans --- African American --- African Americans --- African-American --- Afro-American --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Afro American --- Afro Americans --- American, African --- American, Black --- Black American --- Black or African American. --- PEOPLE OF AFRICAN DESCENT. --- Black People. --- Black People --- Personnes noires --- AFRICANS.

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African Americans --- Blacks --- Religion, Primitive --- Traditional medicine --- Medicine, Traditional --- Religion and Medicine --- Noirs américains --- Noirs --- Religion --- Bibliography --- Africa --- bibliography --- Bibliographie --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- America --- #SBIB:39A1 --- #SBIB:39A9 --- #SBIB:39A10 --- African Continental Ancestry Group. --- Medicine, Traditional. --- Religion and Medicine. --- -Blacks --- -Traditional medicine --- -Ethnic medicine --- Ethnomedicine --- Folk medicine --- Home cures --- Home medicine --- Home remedies --- Indigenous medicine --- Medical folklore --- Medicine, Primitive --- Primitive medicine --- Surgery, Primitive --- Alternative medicine --- Folklore --- Medical anthropology --- Ethnopharmacology --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Africans --- Medicine and Religion --- Parish Nursing --- Indigenous Medicine --- Primitive Medicine --- Traditional Medicine --- Folk Medicine --- Folk Remedies --- Home Remedies --- Medicine, Folk --- Medicine, Indigenous --- Folk Remedy --- Home Remedy --- Remedies, Folk --- Remedies, Home --- Remedy, Folk --- Remedy, Home --- Materia Medica --- Nostrums --- Pharmacognosy --- Plants, Medicinal --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Antropologie: algemeen --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Antropologie: religie, riten, magie, hekserij --- Africa. --- United States. --- -Americas --- Americas --- New World --- Western Hemisphere --- Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Religion. --- Traditional Pulse Diagnosis --- -Antropologie: algemeen --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Noirs américains --- Bibliography. --- bibliography. --- Ethnic medicine --- Black persons --- Black people --- Black People --- Religiosity Coping --- Spiritual Coping --- Coping, Religiosity --- Coping, Spiritual --- Religiosity Copings --- Traditional Medicine Practitioners --- Black Person --- Black Peoples --- Black Persons --- People, Black --- Person, Black --- Persons, Black

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This book explores the history of drug development and testing in the eighteenth-century Atlantic World, looking especially at whether slaves were exploited in human medical experiments at the time.--

Human experimentation in medicine --- Slaves --- Blacks --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Enslaved persons --- Persons --- Slavery --- Experimentation on humans, Medical --- Medical experimentation on humans --- Medical ethics --- Medicine --- Medicine, Experimental --- Clinical trials --- History --- Health and hygiene --- Research --- Traditional medicine --- Tropical medicine --- Human Experimentation --- Medicine, Traditional --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Enslavement --- History, 18th Century --- Tropical Medicine --- 18th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 18th Cent. History of Medicine --- 18th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 18th Century --- History of Medicine, 18th Cent. --- History, Eighteenth Century --- Medical History, 18th Cent. --- Medicine, 18th Cent. --- 18th Century History --- 18th Century Histories --- Cent. History, 18th (Medicine) --- Cent. Medicine, 18th --- Century Histories, 18th --- Century Histories, Eighteenth --- Century History, 18th --- Century History, Eighteenth --- Eighteenth Century Histories --- Eighteenth Century History --- Histories, 18th Century --- Histories, Eighteenth Century --- History, 18th Cent. (Medicine) --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- Ethnic medicine --- Ethnomedicine --- Folk medicine --- Home cures --- Home medicine --- Home remedies --- Indigenous medicine --- Medical folklore --- Medicine, Primitive --- Primitive medicine --- Surgery, Primitive --- Alternative medicine --- Folklore --- Medical anthropology --- Ethnopharmacology --- Diseases, Tropical --- Hygiene, Tropical --- Public health, Tropical --- Sanitation, Tropical --- Tropical diseases --- Medical climatology --- history --- West Indies. --- Cayman Islands --- Montserrat --- Turks and Caicos Islands --- Caribbean Islands --- Black persons --- Black people --- Black Person --- Black Peoples --- Black Persons --- People, Black --- Person, Black --- Persons, Black --- West Indies --- Health and hygiene.