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Les pauvres ont-ils des droits? : Recherches sur le vol en cas d'extrême nécessité depuis la Concordia de Gratien (1140) jusqu'à Guillaume d'Auxerre (1231)
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Year: 1961 Publisher: Roma : Libreria editrice dell'Università Gregoriana,

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Le droit et la nécessité
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ISBN: 9782130569442 2130569447 Year: 2011 Publisher: Paris : Presses universitaires de France,

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La notion d'urgence en droit international
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ISBN: 2284005608 Year: 1998 Publisher: Villeneuve d'Ascq : Presses Universitaires du Septentrion,

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L'entreprise contrevenante en droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles : variations autour de la distinction entre sociéte et entreprise
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ISBN: 9791094201596 Year: 2021 Publisher: [Paris] : Concurrences,

Necessity, proportionality and the use of force by States.
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ISBN: 0521837529 0521173493 1107161746 0511265352 0511266073 0511317700 0511494173 1280750081 0511263805 0511264631 9780521837521 9780511265358 9780511266072 9780511263804 9780511317705 9780511494178 9780521173490 Year: 2004 Publisher: Cambridge Cambridge University press

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There has been considerable debate in the international community as to the legality of the forceful actions in Kosovo in 1999, Afghanistan in 2002 and Iraq in 2003 under the United Nations Charter. There has been consensus, however, that the use of force in all these situations had to be both proportional and necessary. Against the background of these recent armed conflicts, this 2004 book offers the first comprehensive assessment of the twin requirements of proportionality and necessity as legal restraints on the forceful actions of States. It also provides a much-needed examination of the relationship between proportionality in the law on the use of force and international humanitarian law.


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La nécessité en droit international : [40e] colloque de la Société française pour le droit international [tenu du 8 au 10 juin 2006 à] Grenoble
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ISBN: 9782233005144 2233005147 Year: 2007 Publisher: Paris : Pedone,


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The military commander's necessity
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ISBN: 9781108493925 9781108637060 9781108713610 Year: 2019 Publisher: Cambridge Cambridge University Press

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The idea of military necessity lies at the centre of the law of armed conflict and yet it is less than fully understood. This book analyses which legal limits govern the commander's assessment of military necessity, and argues that military necessity itself is not a limitation. Military necessity calls for a highly discretionary exercise : the assessment. Yet, there is little guidance as to how this discretionary process should be exercised, apart from the notions of 'a reasonable military commander'. A reasonable assessment of 'excessive' civilian losses are presumed to be almost intuitive. Objective standards for determining excessive civilian losses are difficult to identify, particularly when that 'excessiveness' will be understood in relative terms. The perpetual question arises : are civilian losses acceptable if the war can be won ? The result is a heavy burden of assessment placed on the shoulders of the military commander.


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La nécessité en droit international
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ISBN: 9004215867 9789004215863 1299397875 9781299397873 9789004209961 9004209964 Year: 2011 Publisher: Leiden Boston Martinus Nijhoff Publishers

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La Commission du droit international, après avoir longuement hésité, a inscrit l’état de nécessité dans sa codification de la responsabilité des États en tant que circonstance excluant l’illicéité. L’objet de cette étude est de démontrer qu’il s’agit d’un mécanisme beaucoup plus diffus et fondamental du droit international, intimement lié à ses caractéristiques propres. Il a comme fonction la limitation des obligations substantielles des États lors de la survenance d’un fait-condition – la situation de nécessité – afin d’éviter que l’application du droit ne génère un coût social excessif. Sa réalisation requiert toujours une pondération des intérêts en conflit. Seulement lorsqu’un coût social excessif ne peut être évité, l’état de nécessité intervient dans le cadre des obligations secondaires de la responsabilité internationale, en tant que circonstance atténuante. After much hesitation, the International Law Commission codified the state of necessity as a circumstance precluding wrongfulness in the field of State responsibility. This study aims to demonstrate that it is a much wider mechanism, essential to international law and strictly connected to its own characteristics. It performs the function of limiting the substantial obligations of States in case of the realization of a fact condition – a situation of necessity – in order to avert an excessive social cost, born out of law implementation. It always works through a balance of conflicting interests. Only when a social cost cannot be avoided, the state of necessity, under the features of a mitigating circumstance, enters the field of secondary obligations relating to international responsibility.


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Necessity and proportionality and the right of self-defence in international law
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ISBN: 9780198863403 0198863403 Year: 2021 Publisher: Oxford Oxford University Press

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States invariably justify using force extraterritorially by reference to their right of self-defence. In doing so, they accept that the exercise of this right is conditioned by the customary international law requirements of necessity and proportionality. However, these requirements are notorious for being normatively indeterminate and operationally complex. As a breach of either requirement renders ostensibly defensive action unlawful, increased determinacy regarding their scope and substance is crucial to how international law constrains military force.This book examines the conceptual meaning, content, and practical application of necessity and proportionality as they relate to the right of self-defence following the adoption of the UN Charter in 1945. It provides a coherent and up-to-date description of the applicable contemporary international law and proposes an analytical framework to guide its operation and appraisal. This book argues that necessity and proportionality are conceptually distinct and must be applied in the foregoing order to avoid an insufficient 'catch-all' description of legality or illegality. Necessity determines whether defensive force may be used to respond to an armed attack and where it must be directed. Proportionality governs how much total force is permissible and prohibits excessive responses. Both requirements are shown to apply on an ongoing basis throughout the duration of an armed conflict prompted by self-defence. Compliance with necessity and proportionality ensures that the purposes of self-defence are met, and nothing more, and that defensive force is not unduly disruptive to third party interests and to international peace and security.


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Les autorisations données par le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies à des mesures militaires
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ISBN: 9782275034539 2275034536 Year: 2009 Volume: 123 Publisher: Paris LGDJ Lextenso

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En « autorisant » des États d'user de « tous les moyens nécessaires », comme il l'a fait lors de la deuxième « Guerre du Golfe » (de 1990), le Conseil de sécurité ne renonce pas à ses prérogatives au profit des États. Au contraire, le Conseil se sert des États pour mettre en oeuvre ses propres compétences opérationnelles.Ainsi, ces « autorisations » ne constituent pas une exception à l'interdiction du recours à la force dans les relations internationales. L'article 2, paragraphe 4, de la Charte, constitue une véritable confiscation du pouvoir de contrainte militaire au profit du Conseil de sécurité. En vertu de la Charte, le Conseil dispose d'un monopole de la contrainte militaire. N'ayant jamais été doté des moyens pour « faire la guerre », le Conseil doit se servir des États comme exécutants pour mener à bien des mesures coercitives. Les « autorisations » s'apparentent donc à un mandat de droit public.La crise du Kosovo, les réactions au non-respect par l'Irak de la résolution 687 (1991) et la troisième Guerre du Golfe (de 2002) montrent que le Conseil de sécurité pourrait accorder un tel mandat implicitement. L'analyse de ces affaires montre également qu'on aurait tort de parler de l'émergence d'une nouvelle exception au principe de l'interdiction du recours à la force militaire.En effet, pour se justifier, les États intéressés ont toujours invoqué un prétendu mandat du Conseil.

Keywords

Law of armed conflicts. Humanitarian law --- United Nations --- Intervention (International law) --- Aggression (International law) --- War (International law) --- Necessity (International law) --- Intervention (Droit international) --- Agression (Droit international) --- Guerre (Droit international) --- Nécessité (Droit international) --- United Nations. --- Decision making. --- Armed Forces. --- Decision making --- Armed Forces --- BPB0911 --- Conseil de sécurité ONU --- Intervention militaire --- Compétence extraterritoriale --- Veiligheidsraad VN --- Militaire interventie --- Extraterritoriale bevoegdheid --- Nécessité (Droit international) --- Military intervention --- Diplomacy --- International law --- Neutrality --- UN --- UNO --- Hội đồng bảo an Liên Hợp Quốc --- Naciones Unidas --- Nations Unies --- ONU --- Organisation des Nations Unies --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Obʺedinennykh Nat︠s︡iĭ --- OON --- Vereinigte Nationen --- Umot ha-meʼuḥadot --- Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych --- ONZ --- Forente nasjoner --- Forenede nationer --- FN --- Förenta nationerna --- Gaertʻianebuli erebi --- Organização das Nações Unidas --- PBB --- Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa --- Kokusai Rengō --- Kokuren --- ENSZ --- Egyesült Nemzetek Szövetsége --- Birleșmiș Milletler Teșkilâtı --- Birlăşmiş Millătăr Tăşkilatı --- Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti --- BMT --- YK --- Yhdistyneet kansakunnat --- OUN --- Organizacija Ujedinjenih Nacija --- NU --- Nazioni Unite --- OSN --- Organizace spojených národů --- Sāzmān-i Milal-i Muttafiq --- Bangsa² Bersatu --- Organización de las Naciones Unidas --- Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon --- ÜRO --- Organismos tōn Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn --- Umoja wa Mataifa --- Vereinten Nationen --- Vereinte Nationen --- Hayʼat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- Verenigde Naties --- VN --- Organizația Națiunilor Unite --- Um --- Lien ho kuo --- OKB --- Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara --- Lian he guo --- U.N. --- Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- OĒE --- Hēnōmena Ethnē --- Organizácia Spojených Národov --- Sahaprachāchāt --- Națiunile Unite --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ na obedinenite nat︠s︡ii --- Organismos Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn --- Manẓūmat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- AAN --- Arhanizatsyi︠a︡ Ab'i︠a︡dnanykh Natsyĭ --- Nações Unidas --- Orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Ob'i︠e︡dnanykh Nat︠s︡iĭ --- O.Ē.E. --- ʻOngkān Sahaprachāchāt --- Sjuninejal Konob'laq --- Sāzmān-i Milal-i Muttaḥid --- Milal-i Muttaḥid --- Nėgdsėn U̇ndėstniĭ Baĭguullaga --- NUB --- Rāshṭrasaṃgha --- או״מ --- أمم المتحدة --- الأمم المتحدة --- سازمان ملل متحد --- 国際連合 --- 联合囯 --- 聯合國 --- United Nations Organization --- Liên Hiệp Quó̂c --- Liên Hợp Quó̂c --- LHQ --- Kula Samagga --- YūʼAṅʻnʻ --- 联合国 --- Организация на обединените нации --- Организация Объединённых Наций --- karinė intervencija --- vojna intervencija --- intervención militar --- intervenção militar --- sõjaline sekkumine --- interwencja militarna --- militāra iejaukšanās --- intervento militare --- intervenție militară --- military intervention --- војна интервенција --- военна интервенция --- militärischer Eingriff --- intervent militari --- vojenský zásah --- militaire interventie --- militärt ingrepp --- στρατιωτική επέμβαση --- ndërhyrje ushtarake --- katonai beavatkozás --- militær intervention --- vojaški poseg --- sotilaallinen interventio --- воена интервенција --- útočný čin --- bewaffnete Aggression --- ozbrojená agrese --- sotatoimi --- agrese --- vojenská invaze --- agresszió --- aggressione --- přepadení --- επίθεση --- agresion --- útok --- воена закана --- воена агресија --- fegyveres támadás --- агресија --- agresia --- intervence --- invaze --- aggression --- вооружена агресија --- agressão --- sõjaline agressioon --- agresija --- intervento armato --- agresión militar --- militāra intervence --- ozbrojené napadení --- vojenská intervence --- agressie --- agression --- agresiune armată --- FN:s säkerhetsråd --- ANO Drošības padome --- JTO Saugumo Taryba --- Consiglio di sicurezza dell'ONU --- Rada Bezpieczeństwa ONZ --- Comhairle Slándála na Náisiún Aontaithe --- Këshilli i Sigurimit i OKB-së --- Consiliul de Securitate ONU --- Rada bezpečnosti OSN --- ÜRO Julgeolekunõukogu --- UN Security Council --- Съвет за сигурност на ООН --- Совет за безбедност на ОН --- az ENSZ Biztonsági Tanácsa --- Sicherheitsrat UNO --- Kunsill tas-Sigurtà tan-Nazzjonijiet Uniti --- Савет безбедности УН --- Varnostni svet ZN --- Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda --- FN's Sikkerhedsråd --- Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας του ΟΗΕ --- Conselho de Segurança ONU --- YK:n turvallisuusneuvosto --- Consejo de Seguridad ONU --- Bezpečnostná rada OSN --- Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite --- Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας των Ηνωμένων Εθνών --- Këshilli i Sigurimit i Kombeve të Bashkuara --- Савет безбедности Уједињених нација --- Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies --- Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas --- Совет за безбедност на Обединетите нации --- Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas --- De Forenede Nationers Sikkerhedsråd --- UN-Sicherheitsrat --- United Nations Security Council --- ekstraterritoriaalinen toimivalta --- extraterritoriale bevoegdheid --- eksteritorinė jurisdikcija --- exterritoriell befogenhet --- extraterritoriális hatály --- ekstraterritorial kompetence --- jurysdykcja eksterytorialna --- izvanteritorijalna nadležnost --- extraterritorial jurisdiction --- extrateritoriální pravomoc soudu --- eksteritorialna pristojnost --- eksteritoriālā jurisdikcija --- екстратериторијална надлежност --- εξωεδαφική αρμοδιότητα --- juridiksion jashtëterritorial --- competencia extraterritorial --- competência extraterritorial --- extraterritoriale Gerichtsbarkeit --- extrateritoriálna právomoc --- eksterritoriaalne kohtualluvus --- competenza extraterritoriale --- екстериторијална надлежност --- ġuriżdizzjoni ekstraterritorjali --- competență jurisdicțională extrateritorială --- dlínse sheach-chríochach --- извънтериториална юрисдикция --- екстратериторијална јурисдикција --- екстратериторијална судска надлежност --- eksteritoriāla iestāde --- extraterritoriale Zuständigkeit --- izvanteritorijalna ovlast --- kompetencë jashtëterritoriale --- eksterritoriaalne pädevus --- nadnárodní uplatňování práva --- eksteritoriniai įgaliojimai --- autoritate extrateritorială --- extraterritorial authority --- területen kívüli hatály --- extrateritoriální jurisdikce --- extraterritoriale Kompetenz --- United Nation. --- idirghabháil mhíleata --- Compétence extraterritoriale --- Conseil de sécurité ONU

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