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Does growing economic interdependence among great powers increase or decrease the chance of conflict and war ? Liberals argue that the benefits of trade give states an incentive to stay peaceful. Realists contend that trade compels states to struggle for vital raw materials and markets. Moving beyond the stale liberal-realist debate, this book lays out a dynamic theory of expectations that shows under what specific conditions interstate commerce will reduce or heighten the risk of conflict between nations.Taking a broad look at cases spanning two centuries, from the Napoleonic and Crimean wars to the more recent Cold War crises, the author demonstrates that when leaders have positive expectations of the future trade environment, they want to remain at peace in order to secure the economic benefits that enhance long-term power. When, however, these expectations turn negative, leaders are likely to fear a loss of access to raw materials and markets, giving them more incentive to initiate crises to protect their commercial interests. The theory of trade expectations holds important implications for the understanding of Sino-American relations since 1985 and for the direction these relations will likely take over the next two decades.
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This book challenges the conventional wisdom that natural resource wealth promotes autocracy. Oil and other forms of mineral wealth can promote both authoritarianism and democracy, the book argues, but they do so through different mechanisms ; an understanding of these different mechanisms can help elucidate when either the authoritarian or democratic effects of resource wealth will be relatively strong. Exploiting game-theoretic tools and statistical modeling as well as detailed country case studies and drawing on fieldwork in Latin America and Africa, this book builds and tests a theory that explains political variation across resource-rich states. It will be read by scholars studying the political effects of natural resource wealth in many regions, as well as by those interested in the emergence and persistence of democratic regimes.
Democracy --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Natural resources --- Economic aspects --- Political aspects --- Petroleum --- Economic aspects. --- Political aspects. --- National resources --- Resources, Natural --- Resource-based communities --- Resource curse --- Coal-oil --- Crude oil --- Oil --- Caustobioliths --- Mineral oils --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Democracy - Economic aspects --- Petroleum industry and trade - Political aspects --- Natural resources - Political aspects
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This work examines the effect of renewable natural resource scarcity on ethnic conflict. Determining how renewable natural resource scarcity affects ethnic conflict requires multiple levels of inquiry. First, is there a relationship between renewable natural resource scarcity and ethnic conflict? Second, if this relationship exists how do scarcities translate into ethnic conflict? Third, does the framework established have evidentiary support in particular cases that can be considered?
Ethnic conflict -- Environmental aspects. --- Natural resources -- Political aspects. --- Natural resources -- Social aspects. --- Scarcity -- Social aspects. --- Ethnic conflict --- Natural resources --- Scarcity --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Deficiency --- Shortages --- National resources --- Resources, Natural --- Resource-based communities --- Resource curse --- Conflict, Ethnic --- Ethnic violence --- Inter-ethnic conflict --- Interethnic conflict --- Ethnic relations --- Social conflict --- Environmental aspects --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Economic aspects
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This second volume in the SAGE Series on Green Society covers the availability and distribution of such resources as energy and how they impact economic development, domestic politics, and international cooperation and conflict.
Environmental policy --- Environmental protection --- Conservation of natural resources --- Sustainability --- Political aspects --- Environmental policy. --- Sustainability science --- Human ecology --- Social ecology --- Conservation of resources --- Natural resources --- Natural resources conservation --- Resources conservation, Natural --- Natural resources conservation areas --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental quality --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Political aspects. --- Conservation --- Government policy --- Green movement. --- Ecologism --- Environmental action groups --- Environmental groups --- Environmentalism --- Political ecology --- Sustainable living --- Environmental protection - Political aspects --- Conservation of natural resources - Political aspects --- Sustainability - Political aspects --- Environmentalism.
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