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This publication, entitled “Natural Disasters. A Global Approach” brings together a set of texts devoted specifically to disasters that have as their origin phenomena of nature, full manifestation of the so-called natural hazards. Throughout each of these chapters, we have sought to clarify the conceptual and methodological aspects inherent in each of the risks under analysis, their systematization or typification, effects and consequences, particularly for the Human Being, and examples of their manifestation. Although with distinct characteristics and influenced by different factors, the extent of natural disasters is evident, affecting the generality of human societies and conditioning their activity in almost all parts of the earth´s surface. It is our hope that this work will fulfill its intended purpose and become a valuable working tool and a vehicle for disseminating information and raising awareness of natural disasters.
Natural risks --- Safety cult --- Geomorphological risks --- Climatic risks --- Hydrological risks --- Catastrophes
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Im Zentrum steht die Frage, wie in Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit Risiken wahrgenommen und bewältigt wurden. Dabei wird der Akzent auf Semantiken und Narrative des Risikos und ihren Zusammenhang mit Praktiken der aktiven Bewältigung von Risiken gesetzt. Unterschiedliche soziale Felder, auf denen Risiken eine besondere Herausforderung für die historischen Akteure darstellten, geraten so in den Blick. The focus of this volume is on the perception and management of risk in the Middle Ages and early modernity. The accent is on the semantics and narratives of risk and their connection to active risk-management practices. Thus, the authors examine a range of fields where risk represented a special challenge for historical actors.
Civilization --- Barbarism --- Civilisation --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Culture --- World Decade for Cultural Development, 1988-1997 --- History --- Natural risks. --- economic risk. --- military risk. --- narratives of risk.
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Traditional risk assessments use asset losses as the main metric to measure the severity of a disaster. This paper proposes an expanded risk assessment based on a framework that adds socioeconomic resilience and uses wellbeing losses as its main measure of disaster severity. Using a new, agent-based model that represents explicitly the recovery and reconstruction process at the household level, this risk assessment provides new insights into disaster risks in the Philippines. First, there is a close link between natural disasters and poverty. On average, the estimates suggest that almost half a million Filipinos per year face transient consumption poverty due to natural disasters. Nationally, the bottom income quintile suffers only 9 percent of the total asset losses, but 31 percent of the total wellbeing losses. The average annual wellbeing losses due to disasters in the Philippines is estimated at USD 3.9 billion per year, more than double the asset losses of USD 1.4 billion. Second, the regions identified as priorities for risk-management interventions differ depending on which risk metric is used. Cost-benefit analyses based on asset losses direct risk reduction investments toward the richest regions and areas. A focus on poverty or wellbeing rebalances the analysis and generates a different set of regional priorities. Finally, measuring disaster impacts through poverty and wellbeing impacts allows the quantification of the benefits from interventions like rapid post-disaster support and adaptive social protection. Although these measures do not reduce asset losses, they efficiently reduce their consequences for wellbeing by making the population more resilient.
Access of Poor to Social Services --- Conflict and Development --- Disability --- Disaster Management --- Economic Assistance --- Environment --- Hazard Risk Management --- Inequality --- Natural Disasters --- Natural Risks --- Resilience --- Risk Assessment --- Services and Transfers to Poor --- Social Risk Management --- Urban Development --- Welfare
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After fifteen years of reconstruction in a relatively peaceful environment spanning the years 1990 to 2004, Lebanon has experienced successive violent political events resulting from complex entangled internal and external struggles. The Syrian crisis and its political, economic and demographic consequences on Lebanon have increased these tensions. This atlas sheds light on these new challenges and adds new data that complete the analyses already published in the Atlas du Liban. Territoires et société (Atlas of Lebanon. Territories and Society) released in 2007 by the same research team. Some of its components are included in this edition. Beyond the international regional crisis and the population movements, it takes into account Lebanon’s socio-economic dimensions, the environmental issues linked to uncontrolled urbanization and to natural risks, as well as conflicts due to local territorial management. This atlas is the result of a collaborative endeavor between French and Lebanese researchers. It uses a geographical approach that puts in the foreground a spatial analysis of social and natural phenomena. Public sources are scarce in Lebanon, especially at the local scale. They are sometimes less reliable and difficult to access. It is particularly the case for the Lebanese census data, conversely data are abundantly available on the refugees population, which is less known than the population of refugees. International data help compare Lebanon to its neighbors. Thematic data produced by some ministries are helpful to provide a detailed view regarding specific domains. Analyses processed on aerial and satellite images have produced essential data on urbanization and environment. Local thematic fieldwork surveys have provided additional data. The book consists of seven chapters. The first one deals with the territorial state-building seen in the light of regional geopolitics, and emphasizes internal violence and the reemergence of militias and armed groups that…
Geography --- cartographie --- migration --- géopolitique --- fragmentation --- pauvreté --- urbanisation --- dégradation environnementale --- inégalité régionale --- changement climatique --- mobilisation sociale --- pénurie d'eau --- pénurie éléctrique --- crise des déchets --- urbanisme --- reconstruction --- réfugié --- gestion locale --- décentralisation --- cartography --- refugees --- geopolitics --- regional inequalities --- poverty --- urbanization --- environmental degradation --- pollution --- climate change --- natural risks --- water shortage --- electricity shortage --- solid waste crisis --- city planning --- social mobilization --- local spatial management --- decentralization --- planning controversies
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Après une quinzaine d’années de reconstruction dans un climat de paix relative, de 1990 à 2004, le Liban a connu depuis 2005 une succession d’épisodes politiques violents mêlant de manière complexe enjeux internes et tensions régionales. Le déclenchement de la crise syrienne et ses retombées politiques, économiques et démographiques sur le Liban accentue cet état de fait. Cet ouvrage met en lumière ces nouveaux défis et complète en intégrant des volets différents l’analyse des transformations libanaises déjà entreprises dans l’Atlas du Liban. Territoires et société publié en 2007 par la même équipe. Outre la crise internationale et les mouvements de population, il prend en compte les dimensions socio-économiques à l’intérieur du Liban, les problématiques environnementales liées à l’urbanisation incontrôlée et aux risques, ainsi que la gestion territoriale et les conflits locaux qu’elle suscite. Cet atlas est le fruit d’une collaboration entre des chercheurs et universitaires français et libanais. Il utilise une approche géographique, plaçant au premier plan de l’analyse la spatialisation des faits sociaux et naturels. Les sources publiques sont limitées, notamment du point de vue de la finesse géographique, parfois peu fiables et difficiles d’accès. C’est particulièrement vrai pour les données sur la population libanaise, moins bien connue que la population réfugiée. Les données internationales permettent de situer le Liban par rapport à ses voisins. Des données thématiques, issues des ministères, offrent néanmoins une vision détaillée pour certains domaines. L’analyse d’images aériennes et de satellites fournit des données essentielles sur l’urbanisation et l’environnement. Des enquêtes de terrain localisées et thématiques complètent la panoplie des informations utilisées. L’ouvrage comprend six chapitres. Le premier porte sur la géopolitique régionale, les violences politiques internes et leurs effets locaux, à savoir l’installation des réfugiés syriens et la…
Geography --- Area Studies --- cartographie --- réfugiés --- migration --- géopolitique --- fragmentation --- inégalités régionales --- pauvreté --- urbanisation --- dégradation environnementale --- pollution --- changement climatique --- risques naturels --- pénurie d’eau --- pénurie électrique --- crise des déchets --- urbanisme --- reconstruction --- mobilisations sociales --- gestion locale --- décentralisation --- controverses d’aménagement --- cartography --- refugees --- geopolitics --- regional inequalities --- poverty --- urbanization --- environmental degradation --- climate change --- natural risks --- water shortage --- electricity shortage --- solid waste crisis --- city planning --- social mobilization --- local spatial management --- decentralization --- planning controversies --- Lebanon - Social conditions --- Lebanon - Economic conditions --- Lebanon - Environmental aspects --- Lebanon - Politics and government --- Liban --- Lebanon --- Géopolitique. --- Geopolitics. --- Démographie. --- Demography. --- Économie. --- Economy.
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بعد خمسة عشر عامًا من إعادة الإعمار في جو من السلم النسبي خلال الفترة الممتدة من 1990 وحتى 2004، شهد لبنان منذ العام 2005 سلسلة من الأحداث السياسية العنيفة الخطيرة التي شكّلت خليطًا معقدًا من التحديات الداخلية والتوترات الإقليمية. وأدى اندلاع الأزمة في سوريا وتداعياتها السياسية والاقتصادية والديموغرافية إلى تفاقم هذا الوضع في لبنان. يسلّط هذا الأطلس الضوء على هذه التحديات الجديدة باعتماد مقاربات مختلفة تكمل تحليل التحولات في لبنان الذي سبق لفريق العمل ذاته أن تناوله في «أطلس لبنان: الأرض والمجتمع» المنشور عام 2007. وهو يأخذ في الاعتبار، بالإضافة إلى الأزمة الدولية والحركات السكانية (هجرة السكان)، الأبعاد الاجتـماعية الاقتصادية في الداخل اللبناني والمشاكل البيئية المرتبطة بالتمدد العمراني العشوائي وبالمخاطر وبالتالي إدارة استخدامات الأراضي والنزاعات المحلية التي تولّدها. هذا الأطلس هو ثمرة تعاون بين باحثين وجامعيين لبنانيين وفرنسيين. يعتـمد المقاربة الجغرافية التي تعطي الأولوية للانتشار المكاني للخصائص الاجتماعية والطبيعية. إن المصادر الرسمية محدودة تحديدًا لناحية الدقة الجغرافية وهي أحيانًا غير جديرة بالثقة وصعبة المنال. والمثال الأبرز على ذلك هي المعطيات حول عدد السكان اللبنانيين مقارنة بعدد اللاجئين. تسمح المعطيات الدولية بتحديد موقع لبنان ببن البلدان المجاورة. كما تقدّم المعطيات الغرضية التي تصدرها الوزارات رؤية مفصلة لقطاعات معينة. ويؤمّن تحليل الصور الجوية وصور الأقمار الصناعية مصدرًا لمعطيات أساسية حول التمدد العمراني والبيئة فيما تشكّل التحقيقات الميدانية الموضعية والغرضية تتمة لحصيلة المعلومات المستخدمة. يتألف الكتاب من ستة فصول. يركز الجزء الأول على الجغرافيا السياسية الإقليمية، والعنف السياسي الداخلي وتأثيراته المحلية، تحديدًا أماكن إقامة اللاجئين السوريين وعودة الظهور العلني لبعض الميليشيات والجماعات المسلحة المتصارعة في ما بينها ومع الجيش اللبناني، بحيث يبدو لبنان مرة أخرى كبلد تشرذمه الولاءات المتعددة. ويبين الجزء الثاني هشاشة النموذج الاقتصادي، فاعتماده على الاستثمارات الأجنبية وتحويلات المغتربين وتراجع الصناعة والزراعة يترجم بتفاقم الاختلالات الاجتماعية في لبنان. ويشكّل الجزء الثالث تقييمًا للعمران في البلاد، الذي زاد بنسبة %80 خلال الأعوام…
Geography --- Area Studies --- cartographie --- changement climatique --- controverses d’aménagement --- crise des déchets --- décentralisation --- dégradation environnementale --- fragmentation --- géopolitique --- gestion des ressources en eau --- gestion locale --- inégalités régionales --- migration --- mobilisations sociales --- pauvreté --- pénurie d’eau --- pénurie électrique --- pollution --- reconstruction --- réfugiés --- risques naturels --- urbanisation --- urbanisme --- cartography --- city planning --- climate change --- decentralization --- electricity shortage --- environmental degradation --- geopolitics --- local spatial management --- natural risks --- planning controversies --- poverty --- refugees --- regional inequalities --- social mobilization --- solid waste crisis --- water shortage --- لبنان --- جغرافية --- علم الخرائط --- لاجئون --- نزوح --- جيوسيساسية --- تقسيم --- تفاوت مناطقي --- فقر --- تمدد عمراني --- تدهور بسئي --- تلوث --- تغير المناخ --- مخاطر طبيعية --- الشح في المياه --- التقنين الكهربائي --- أزمة النفايات --- تخطيط عمراني --- إعادة إعمار --- حراك اجتماعي --- إدارة محلية --- لا مركزية --- تضارب في التخطيط --- اقتصاد --- المدن الكبرى في الشرق الأدنى --- بيوت قديمة
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