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OECD's 2001 review of Latvia's education policies and programmes.  It finds that reform of education, training and human resource development is an integral part of the transition to a democratic society and market economy. Latvia has made progress in all these areas since reform began in 1990. The challenge for the Ministry of Education and Science has been to promote and support changes that meet the needs of the new economy and society as well as the interests of all young people and adults, in the face of a shortage of financial and human resources. This book first gives a brief overview of regional issues and a history of education in Latvia and describes the development of education in the country since the political changes. It then presents an analysis of the entire education system and identifies key directions for the reinforcement of the reforms in light of the challenges encountered by officials, communities, enterprises, educators, parents and students under very dynamic conditions. It concludes with a set of key recommendations of goals of education, learning effectiveness, outcomes and the curriculum, management and governance for flexibility, responsiveness and change, and resources and financing.

Education and skills. --- Emerging economies transition. --- Reviews of national policies for education. --- Education and state --- Educational change --- Education --- Education, Special Topics --- Social Sciences --- Change, Educational --- Education change --- Education reform --- Educational reform --- Reform, Education --- School reform --- Education policy --- Educational policy --- State and education --- Government policy --- Educational planning --- Educational innovations --- Social policy --- Endowment of research --- Latvia

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Student aid in higher education has recently become a hot-button issue. Parents trying to pay for their children's education, college administrators competing for students, and even President Bill Clinton, whose recently proposed tax breaks for college would change sharply the federal government's financial commitment to higher education, have staked a claim in its resolution. In The Student Aid Game, Michael McPherson and Morton Owen Schapiro explain how both colleges and governments are struggling to cope with a rapidly changing marketplace, and show how sound policies can help preserve the strengths and remedy some emerging weaknesses of American higher education. McPherson and Schapiro offer a detailed look at how undergraduate education is financed in the United States, highlighting differences across sectors and for students of differing family backgrounds. They review the implications of recent financing trends for access to and choice of undergraduate college and gauge the implications of these national trends for the future of college opportunity. The authors examine how student aid fits into college budgets, how aid and pricing decisions are shaped by government higher education policies, and how competition has radically reshaped the way colleges think about the strategic role of student aid. Of particular interest is the issue of merit aid. McPherson and Schapiro consider the attractions and pitfalls of merit aid from the viewpoint of students, institutions, and society. The Student Aid Game concludes with an examination of policy options for both government and individual institutions. McPherson and Schapiro argue that the federal government needs to keep its attention focused on providing access to college for needy students, while colleges themselves need to constrain their search for strategic advantage by sticking to aid and admission policies they are willing to articulate and defend publicly.

Student aid --- College students --- Education, Higher --- Etudiants --- Enseignement supérieur --- Scholarships, fellowships, etc. --- Finance. --- Aide financière --- Finances --- EDUCATION / Higher. --- Admit-deny. --- American Freshman Survey. --- Amherst College. --- Bowdoin College. --- Breneman, David. --- Campus-based programs. --- Clinton, Bill. --- Dartmouth College. --- Differential packaging. --- Direct Loan Program. --- Earnings gaps. --- Equal opportunity issues. --- Federal Perkins Loan program. --- Federal Work-Study (FWS) program. --- Gapping. --- Gender differences, merit aid and. --- Harvard College. --- Honors Scholarship program. --- Johnson, Lyndon. --- Kane, Tom. --- Loans. --- Meiszkowski, Peter. --- Merit aid. --- Middle-income melt. --- National policies, role of. --- Need-aware second review. --- Needs analysis system. --- Nixon, Richard. --- PLUS program. --- Pell grants. --- Revenue sources, changes in. --- Sauvageau, Yvon. --- Stafford loans. --- State and local government aid. --- Stecklow, Steve. --- Tax credits or tax deductions, for tuition. --- University of Vermont. --- Upper-income students, college selection by. --- Wellstone, Paul. --- Wesleyan College. --- Winston, Gordon. --- Work programs. --- Aid, Student --- Financial aid, Student --- Financial aid to students --- Student financial aid --- Student financial assistance --- Education --- College life --- Universities and colleges --- University students --- Students --- Finance

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The hub-periphery development pattern of the Guangdong economy, to some extent, is a miniature of that of the Chinese economy. The Pearl River Delta, drawing from its first-nature comparative advantages in factor endowments and proximity to Hong Kong SAR, China, and Macau SAR, China, and the second-nature advantages as first-movers in the reforms in attracting and retaining domestic and foreign resources, has developed into a regional economic center. This paper examines the pattern of inter- and intra-provincial migration and that of the concentration of production, to explore the challenges and opportunities for the success of "double transfer." The paper suggests a four-prong approach, to improve the business environment, support the realization of latent comparative advantages, increase the skill level of the labor force to support the upgrade of the production structure, and protect the vulnerable, to support the inclusive growth of the economy in Guangdong in a sustainable manner.

Capital --- Certain extent --- Cheap labour --- Citizens --- Comparative advantages --- Comparative analysis --- Competitiveness --- Credit --- Development --- Development plans --- Development policy --- Development strategy --- Discrimination --- Disposable income --- Economic development --- Economic growth --- Economic integration --- Economic opportunity --- Economic structure --- Economic theories --- Economic theory & research --- Economic welfare --- Economies of scale --- Economy --- Effective policies --- Empirical analysis --- Environment --- Environmental economics & policies --- Equal access --- Equity --- Exploitation --- Exports --- Financial crisis --- Foreign direct investment --- Forestry --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Gini coefficient --- Government initiatives --- Growth rate --- Health care --- Health services --- Health, nutrition and population --- Immigration --- Incentives --- Income --- Income inequality --- Industrialization --- Intensive industries --- Internal migration --- International migration --- International migration review --- Investment --- Job creation --- Job training --- Labor force --- Labor market --- Labor policies --- Labor productivity --- Labor supply --- Land --- Large cities --- Life expectancy --- Living standards --- Local governments --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Market economy --- Migrant --- Migrant workers --- Migration --- Migration data --- Migration flows --- National development --- National level --- National policies --- National population --- Old-age --- Policy --- Policy discussions --- Policy research --- Policy research working paper --- Pollution --- Population --- Population and development --- Population association --- Population census --- Population migration --- Population policies --- Production --- Progress --- Property --- Public goods --- Public services --- Real GDP --- Real wages --- Regional policy --- Relocation of industries --- Resource allocation --- Resources --- Return migration --- Revenue --- Rural areas --- Rural residents --- Sanitation --- Savings deposits --- Skill level --- Skilled workers --- Social protections and labor --- Social science --- Social security --- Social services --- Spatial distribution --- Sustainable access --- Sustainable development --- Taxes --- Temporary migration --- Trade --- Training --- Training opportunities --- Transportation --- Urban areas --- Urban centers --- Urban migration --- Urban population --- Urbanization --- User fees --- Value --- Value added --- Vocational training --- Vulnerable populations --- Wage differentials --- Wages --- Welfare