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Histopathological studies of aquatic animals refer to the microscopic examination of tissues and organs in order to detect deviations from the expected microscopic or macroscopic structure. Information obtained from the study of histomorphological lesions in aquatic animals can be a useful addition when determining the general state of health of aquatic animals, especially if chronic stressors and/or pathogens are present. Compared to mammals, postmortem autolysis progresses very rapidly in most aquatic organisms. This fact makes histopathological examination quite complex and demanding, not only in a histotechnical sense. A prerequisite for a successful study is the baseline knowledge of physiological processes and histological architecture of the studied species. Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue is to contribute to the current state of knowledge on the histopathology of aquatic animals and to provide a professional and encyclopedic tool for biologists and veterinarians.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Fisheries & related industries --- micro-nano plastics --- fish --- organism model --- histopathology --- blood biomarkers --- microlipoma --- liver --- Barbus balcanicus --- 3D reconstruction --- nutrition --- aquaculture --- fishmeal replacement --- land animal proteins --- histology --- intestinal microbiota --- Sparus aurata --- toxicity --- effect --- invertebrate --- mussels --- Aeromonas spp. --- rainbow trout --- bacteria --- infection --- antinutritional factors --- soybean --- gut health --- environmental monitoring --- histopathological biomarkers --- histopathological alterations --- fish gills --- atrazine --- Purkinje --- cerebellum --- myocytes --- toxicology --- IP3Rs --- Vistonis Lake --- physico-chemical parameters --- gills --- HSPs --- MARKs --- Na+-K+ ATPase --- hepatorenal --- pathology --- toxicosis --- biomarkers --- adult Xenopus laevis --- n/a

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Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) of the lung are important contributors to pulmonary immune functions and to pulmonary development and alveolar repair mechanisms following lung injury. AECI, together with the capillary endothelium, form the extremely thin barrier between alveolar air and blood. AECII produce and metabolize the surface-tension lowering and immune-modulating surfactant and are the progentiors of AECI. A great variety of processes rely on their normal functioning, including maintenance of the alveolar barrier; innate immune defense; and processes of differentiation, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy. The wide range of AEC functions is nicely reflected by the diversity of topics addressed by the four review and eight original articles contained in this Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Beyond the broad spectrum of topics, the authors of this issue also made use of an impressive variety of analytical methods, thus further illustrating the fascinating diversity of aspects related to AEC biology.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- JAM-A --- P2X7 receptor --- mouse lung --- alveolar epithelium --- bleomycin-induced lung injury --- GSK-3β --- dietary sugar --- hyperglycemia --- lung mechanics --- alveolar septal composition --- physical activity --- extracellular matrix remodeling --- high-altitude pulmonary edema --- acute mountain sickness --- oxygen diffusion limitation --- surfactant protein B --- atelectrauma --- alveolar fluid --- acinar micromechanics --- acute lung injury --- autophagy --- lysosome --- lysosomal membrane permeability --- mitochondria --- pneumocyte --- microRNA-21 --- alveolar micromechanics --- structural remodeling --- inflammatory signaling --- lung --- alveolus --- type 1 alveolar epithelial cell --- type 2 alveolar epithelial cell --- focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy --- 3D reconstruction --- carbon dioxide --- hypercapnia --- Na,K-ATPase --- endoplasmic reticulum --- sodium transport --- protein oxidation --- alveolar epithelial cells --- pulmonary fibrosis --- epithelial cell dysfunction --- stem cell exhaustion --- pneumonia --- necrotizing --- regeneration --- model --- bovine --- chlamydia --- alveoli --- air-blood barrier --- epithelium --- air-liquid interface --- alveolar lining layer --- glycocalyx --- surfactant --- lung injury --- lung regeneration

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The health benefits of food, plants, fruits, and seaweeds stem from the biological activities of their constituents—namely, secondary metabolites. The study of secondary metabolites and their potential to treat and/or prevent a number of diseases has become a research topic of growing interest for biologists, pharmacists, and chemists. Notably, in order to propose a compound as a potential new drug with pharmacological effects, the chemical structure of this compound and its biological activity against a given target must be well established. The Special Issue, “Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites”, considers species beyond their nutritional value and identifies instances of wider and more efficient use, thereby contributing to a more sustainable management of natural resources. The fifteen articles published in this Special Issue reflect the latest research trends, and consider the isolation, identification, and assessment of the beneficial effects of secondary metabolites from both edible and inedible species. Thus, these contributions collectively demonstrate that these compounds, and their plants of origin, should be valued beyond their nutritional benefits.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- coumarins --- Lycium --- metabolomic --- HPLC-MS --- orbitrap --- secondary metabolites --- endemic plants --- olive leaves --- supercritical fluid extraction --- antioxidants --- hyperuricemia --- plant-based functional food --- xanthine oxidase --- adenosine deaminase --- uric acid transporter --- bioactive compound --- Piper pseudoarboreum --- bioassay-guided fractionation --- leishmanicidal activity --- alkamides --- (E)-piplartine --- Wedelia chinensis --- organic farming --- phytotoxic substances --- vanillic acid --- gallic acid --- Origanum subspecies --- morphological traits --- glandular trichomes --- essential oil composition --- rosmarinic acid --- sensory evaluation --- colored potato tubers --- total phenols --- anthocyanins --- saccharides --- nutrition --- microelements --- plants --- fungi --- food supplements --- cardiovascular diseases --- neurodegenerative diseases --- Alzheimer’s disease --- metabolic syndrome --- apocarotenoid --- caffeic acid derivative --- flavonoid --- Lactuca sativa --- lignan --- megastigmane --- sesquiterpene lactone --- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid --- black chokeberry --- anthocyanin --- simulated moving bed --- antioxidant activity --- neuroprotection --- Artemisia --- clinical trials --- health effects --- adverse effects --- anticancer --- antiparasitic --- artemisinin --- santonin --- achillin --- tehranolide --- Aglaomorpha quercifolia --- GC-MS profile --- rhizome --- leaves --- n-hexane extract --- fatty acids --- terpenoids --- linolenic acid --- hop-16-ene --- cardiac glycosides --- secondary plant metabolites --- natural product isolation --- hyrcanoside --- deglucohyrcanoside --- ouabain --- cymarin --- digitoxin --- anticancer activity --- Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors --- corn salad --- leafy vegetables --- phytochemicals --- liquid chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- celastrol --- Celastraceae --- antimicrobial activity --- mechanism of action --- Bacillus subtilis --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease

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The health benefits of food, plants, fruits, and seaweeds stem from the biological activities of their constituents—namely, secondary metabolites. The study of secondary metabolites and their potential to treat and/or prevent a number of diseases has become a research topic of growing interest for biologists, pharmacists, and chemists. Notably, in order to propose a compound as a potential new drug with pharmacological effects, the chemical structure of this compound and its biological activity against a given target must be well established. The Special Issue, “Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites”, considers species beyond their nutritional value and identifies instances of wider and more efficient use, thereby contributing to a more sustainable management of natural resources. The fifteen articles published in this Special Issue reflect the latest research trends, and consider the isolation, identification, and assessment of the beneficial effects of secondary metabolites from both edible and inedible species. Thus, these contributions collectively demonstrate that these compounds, and their plants of origin, should be valued beyond their nutritional benefits.

coumarins --- Lycium --- metabolomic --- HPLC-MS --- orbitrap --- secondary metabolites --- endemic plants --- olive leaves --- supercritical fluid extraction --- antioxidants --- hyperuricemia --- plant-based functional food --- xanthine oxidase --- adenosine deaminase --- uric acid transporter --- bioactive compound --- Piper pseudoarboreum --- bioassay-guided fractionation --- leishmanicidal activity --- alkamides --- (E)-piplartine --- Wedelia chinensis --- organic farming --- phytotoxic substances --- vanillic acid --- gallic acid --- Origanum subspecies --- morphological traits --- glandular trichomes --- essential oil composition --- rosmarinic acid --- sensory evaluation --- colored potato tubers --- total phenols --- anthocyanins --- saccharides --- nutrition --- microelements --- plants --- fungi --- food supplements --- cardiovascular diseases --- neurodegenerative diseases --- Alzheimer’s disease --- metabolic syndrome --- apocarotenoid --- caffeic acid derivative --- flavonoid --- Lactuca sativa --- lignan --- megastigmane --- sesquiterpene lactone --- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid --- black chokeberry --- anthocyanin --- simulated moving bed --- antioxidant activity --- neuroprotection --- Artemisia --- clinical trials --- health effects --- adverse effects --- anticancer --- antiparasitic --- artemisinin --- santonin --- achillin --- tehranolide --- Aglaomorpha quercifolia --- GC-MS profile --- rhizome --- leaves --- n-hexane extract --- fatty acids --- terpenoids --- linolenic acid --- hop-16-ene --- cardiac glycosides --- secondary plant metabolites --- natural product isolation --- hyrcanoside --- deglucohyrcanoside --- ouabain --- cymarin --- digitoxin --- anticancer activity --- Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors --- corn salad --- leafy vegetables --- phytochemicals --- liquid chromatography --- mass spectrometry --- celastrol --- Celastraceae --- antimicrobial activity --- mechanism of action --- Bacillus subtilis --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease