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Plant viruses impose a serious threat on agriculture, which motivates extensive breeding efforts for viral resistant crops and inspires lasting interests on basic research to understand the mechanisms underlying plant immunity against viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Their genomes are usually small and only encode a few products that are essential to hijack host machinery for their nucleotide and protein biosynthesis, and that are necessary to suppress host immunity. Plants evolved multilayers of defense mechanisms to defeat viral infection. In this research topic, we gathered 13 papers covering recent advances in different aspects of plant immunity against viruses, including reviews on RNA silencing and R gene based immunity and their application, translational initiation factor mediated recessive resistance, genome editing based viral immunity, role of chloroplast in plant-virus interaction, and research articles providing new mechanistic insights on plant-virus interactions. We hope that this Research Topic helps readers to have a better understanding of the progresses that have been made recently in plant immunity against viruses. A deeper understanding of plant antiviral immunity will facilitate the development of innovative approaches for crop protections and improvements.

Virus --- Hormone --- Plant Immunity --- NBS-LRR --- Soybean mosaic virus --- Cucumber mosaic virus --- Genome editing --- RNA silencing --- Chloroplast --- Recessive Resistance

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Plant viruses impose a serious threat on agriculture, which motivates extensive breeding efforts for viral resistant crops and inspires lasting interests on basic research to understand the mechanisms underlying plant immunity against viruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. Their genomes are usually small and only encode a few products that are essential to hijack host machinery for their nucleotide and protein biosynthesis, and that are necessary to suppress host immunity. Plants evolved multilayers of defense mechanisms to defeat viral infection. In this research topic, we gathered 13 papers covering recent advances in different aspects of plant immunity against viruses, including reviews on RNA silencing and R gene based immunity and their application, translational initiation factor mediated recessive resistance, genome editing based viral immunity, role of chloroplast in plant-virus interaction, and research articles providing new mechanistic insights on plant-virus interactions. We hope that this Research Topic helps readers to have a better understanding of the progresses that have been made recently in plant immunity against viruses. A deeper understanding of plant antiviral immunity will facilitate the development of innovative approaches for crop protections and improvements.

Virus --- Hormone --- Plant Immunity --- NBS-LRR --- Soybean mosaic virus --- Cucumber mosaic virus --- Genome editing --- RNA silencing --- Chloroplast --- Recessive Resistance

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The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.

Research & information: general --- urban planning --- urban space --- urban regeneration --- planning process --- public participation --- forest fragmentation --- sustainable development goal (SDG) --- land consumption rate to the population growth rate (LCRPGR) --- biodiversity --- non-native species --- protected species --- range expansion --- species distributions --- ecosystem services --- assessment --- urban ecosystem services --- site --- green infrastructure --- cities --- systematic literature review --- urban greenspace --- privatization --- property rights --- incremental greenspace loss --- the tyranny of small decisions --- resilience planning --- urban densification --- baseline shifts --- urban nature connection --- green spaces --- ecosystem disservices --- economic benefits --- proximity principle --- hedonic pricing analysis --- climate change --- human health, human-nature connection theory --- urbanization --- urban resilience theory --- capacity building --- municipal planning practice --- urban governance --- environmental planning --- nature-based solutions --- urban adaptive capacity --- LiDAR/NDVI --- stakeholders --- Delphi analysis --- full-scale infiltration test --- MPD infiltration test --- boreholes --- SuDS --- NBS --- flood resilience --- online climate adaptation platforms --- citizen science --- community-building --- n/a

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This book brings together recent research related to urban resilience, in particular, taking into account climate change impacts and hydrological hazards. Due to the complexity of our cities, which are vulnerable and continuously evolving systems, urban resilience should be considered as a transversal and multi-sectorial issue, affecting different urban services, several hazards, and all the steps of the risk management cycle. Within this context, the different pieces of research that form this book deal with the topics of multi-risk and urban resilience assessment, analysis of cascading effects, and the proposal and prioritization of adaptation measures and strategies to cope with climate-related hazards through multi-criteria analysis.

RESCCUE project --- Electrical distribution network --- Flooding --- Risk Assessment --- city resiliency --- GIS model --- drought --- water scarcity --- water availability --- climate change --- hydrological modeling --- resilience --- flooding --- hazard mapping --- risk identification --- sustainability --- urban resilience --- traffic modelling --- resilience assessment --- urban services --- cities --- Ecosystem Services (ES) --- Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) --- Resilience Assessment Framework (RAF) --- stakeholders’ validation --- stormwater management and control --- depth‒damage curves --- urban floods --- properties --- claims --- flood expert surveyor --- fluvial --- pluvial --- tidal --- sewer --- flood --- risk --- modelling --- cascading effects --- urban flood --- water quality --- cost-benefit analysis --- combined sewer overflows --- climate change adaptation --- climate risk --- socio-economic assessment --- flood risk assessment --- 1D/2D hydrodynamic model --- Metro system --- subway --- urban mobility --- pluvial floods --- 1D/2D coupled models --- impact assessment --- adaptation strategies --- n/a --- stakeholders' validation

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The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.

Research & information: general --- urban planning --- urban space --- urban regeneration --- planning process --- public participation --- forest fragmentation --- sustainable development goal (SDG) --- land consumption rate to the population growth rate (LCRPGR) --- biodiversity --- non-native species --- protected species --- range expansion --- species distributions --- ecosystem services --- assessment --- urban ecosystem services --- site --- green infrastructure --- cities --- systematic literature review --- urban greenspace --- privatization --- property rights --- incremental greenspace loss --- the tyranny of small decisions --- resilience planning --- urban densification --- baseline shifts --- urban nature connection --- green spaces --- ecosystem disservices --- economic benefits --- proximity principle --- hedonic pricing analysis --- climate change --- human health, human-nature connection theory --- urbanization --- urban resilience theory --- capacity building --- municipal planning practice --- urban governance --- environmental planning --- nature-based solutions --- urban adaptive capacity --- LiDAR/NDVI --- stakeholders --- Delphi analysis --- full-scale infiltration test --- MPD infiltration test --- boreholes --- SuDS --- NBS --- flood resilience --- online climate adaptation platforms --- citizen science --- community-building