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In this book, we present a compilation of original research articles as well as review articles that are focused on improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to their microenvironment. These include the interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironmental cells (e.g., macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid cells) and microenvironmental environments (e.g., oxidative stress, pH, hypoxia) and the implications of this dynamic interaction to tumor radioresistance, chemoresistance, invasion and metastasis. Finally, the importance and relevance of these findings are translated to cancer therapy.

Medicine --- hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer --- hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In this book, we present a compilation of original research articles as well as review articles that are focused on improving our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which cancer cells adapt to their microenvironment. These include the interplay between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironmental cells (e.g., macrophages, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and myeloid cells) and microenvironmental environments (e.g., oxidative stress, pH, hypoxia) and the implications of this dynamic interaction to tumor radioresistance, chemoresistance, invasion and metastasis. Finally, the importance and relevance of these findings are translated to cancer therapy.

hypoxia --- macrophages --- colon cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- immune cell infiltration --- prognosis --- feline mammary carcinoma --- PD-1 --- PD-L1 --- CTLA-4 --- TNF-α --- biomarkers --- immunotherapy --- cancer --- histone modification --- inhibitor --- KDM5B --- molecular docking --- repurposing --- cancer acidity --- hyperosmolarity --- cross-presentation --- tumour microenvironment --- syngeneic model --- prostate cancer --- radiotherapy --- preclinical modelling --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- biomarker --- stroma --- cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) --- extracellular matrix (ECM) --- cytokine/chemokine --- growth factors --- pro- and anti-tumor immune cells --- immunomodulatory roles --- radiotherapy dose fractionation --- radioresistance --- radiosensitivity --- breast cancer --- S100A10 (p11) --- tumor growth --- tumor progression --- metastasis --- carcinoma --- mammary gland --- triple negative --- pre-metastatic niche --- pro-inflammatory cytokines --- clinical trials --- evolutionary therapy --- darwinian evolution --- cancer cells subpopulations --- diclofenac --- koningic acid --- spheroid --- 3D co-culture --- microenvironment --- resistance --- myeloid cells --- cancer development --- molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer --- chemotherapy response --- pancreatic stellate cells --- regulatory T cells --- tumor-associated macrophages --- myeloid derived suppressor cells --- glioblastoma (GB) --- Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) --- glioma stem cells (GSC) --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species --- plasmin --- plasminogen --- S100A10 --- uPA --- uPAR --- PAI-1 --- PAI-2 --- cancer stem cells --- cancer recurrence --- therapeutic resistance --- signaling pathways --- targeted therapy --- head and neck cancer --- lung cancer --- bladder cancer

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DNA is a rapidly developing vaccine platform for cancer and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Plasmids are used as immunogens to encode proteins to be further synthesized in vaccine recipients. DNA is mainly synthetic, ensuring enhanced expression in the cells of vaccine recipients (mostly mammalians). Their introduction into the host induces antibody and cellular responses. The latter are often more pronounced, and mimic the events occurring in infection, especially viral. There are a few distinct ways in which the vaccine antigen can be processed and presented, which determine the resulting immune response and which can be manipulated. Routinely, the antigen synthesized within the host cell is processed by proteasome, loaded onto, and presented in a complex with MHC I molecules. Processing can be re-routed to the lysosome, or immunogen can be secreted for further presentation in a complex with MHC II. Apart from expression, vaccination efficacy depends on DNA delivery. DNA immunogens are generally administered by intramuscular or intradermal injections, usually followed by electroporation, which enhances delivery 1000-fold. Other techniques are also used, such as noninvasive introduction by biojectors, skin applications with plasters and microneedles/chips, sonication, magnetofection, and even tattooing. An intense debate regarding the pros and cons of different routes of delivery is ongoing. A number of studies have compared the effect of delivery methods at the level of immunogen expression, and the magnitude and specificity of the resulting immune response. According to some, the delivery route determines immunogenic performance; according to others, it can modulate the level of response, but not its specificity or polarity. The progress of research aiming at the optimization of DNA vaccine design, delivery, and immunogenic performance has led to a marked increase in their efficacy in large species and humans. New DNA vaccines for use in the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity are forthcoming. This Special Issue covers various aspects of DNA vaccine development.

Medicine --- Epidemiology & medical statistics --- alphaviruses --- layered RNA/DNA vectors --- DNA vaccines --- RNA replicons --- recombinant particles --- tumor regression --- protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents --- ebola virus disease --- artificial T-cell antigens --- DNA vaccine constructs --- computer design --- gene expression --- immunogenicity --- DNA vaccine --- mRNA vaccine --- plasmid DNA --- in vitro transcribed mRNA --- immune responses --- formulations --- Cytolytic T Lymphocytes --- antibodies --- innate immunity --- adjuvants --- vaccine delivery --- plasmid --- cytolytic --- perforin --- bicistronic --- HCV --- HIV --- IL-36 --- adjuvant --- DNA --- Zika --- Epstein-Barr virus --- latent proteins --- LMP2 --- EBNA1 --- LMP1 --- HIV-1 --- enhancer element --- circovirus --- influenza --- immunization --- intranasal --- lipid --- flagellin --- BCG --- vaccine --- rBCG --- HTI --- T-cell --- AIDS --- clinical trial --- therapeutic vaccine --- hepatitis C virus (HCV) --- mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) --- modified MSC --- DNA immunization --- nonstructural HCV proteins --- immune response --- HCV vaccine --- myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) --- n/a

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DNA is a rapidly developing vaccine platform for cancer and infectious and non-infectious diseases. Plasmids are used as immunogens to encode proteins to be further synthesized in vaccine recipients. DNA is mainly synthetic, ensuring enhanced expression in the cells of vaccine recipients (mostly mammalians). Their introduction into the host induces antibody and cellular responses. The latter are often more pronounced, and mimic the events occurring in infection, especially viral. There are a few distinct ways in which the vaccine antigen can be processed and presented, which determine the resulting immune response and which can be manipulated. Routinely, the antigen synthesized within the host cell is processed by proteasome, loaded onto, and presented in a complex with MHC I molecules. Processing can be re-routed to the lysosome, or immunogen can be secreted for further presentation in a complex with MHC II. Apart from expression, vaccination efficacy depends on DNA delivery. DNA immunogens are generally administered by intramuscular or intradermal injections, usually followed by electroporation, which enhances delivery 1000-fold. Other techniques are also used, such as noninvasive introduction by biojectors, skin applications with plasters and microneedles/chips, sonication, magnetofection, and even tattooing. An intense debate regarding the pros and cons of different routes of delivery is ongoing. A number of studies have compared the effect of delivery methods at the level of immunogen expression, and the magnitude and specificity of the resulting immune response. According to some, the delivery route determines immunogenic performance; according to others, it can modulate the level of response, but not its specificity or polarity. The progress of research aiming at the optimization of DNA vaccine design, delivery, and immunogenic performance has led to a marked increase in their efficacy in large species and humans. New DNA vaccines for use in the treatment of infectious diseases, cancer, allergies, and autoimmunity are forthcoming. This Special Issue covers various aspects of DNA vaccine development.

alphaviruses --- layered RNA/DNA vectors --- DNA vaccines --- RNA replicons --- recombinant particles --- tumor regression --- protection against tumor challenges and infectious agents --- ebola virus disease --- artificial T-cell antigens --- DNA vaccine constructs --- computer design --- gene expression --- immunogenicity --- DNA vaccine --- mRNA vaccine --- plasmid DNA --- in vitro transcribed mRNA --- immune responses --- formulations --- Cytolytic T Lymphocytes --- antibodies --- innate immunity --- adjuvants --- vaccine delivery --- plasmid --- cytolytic --- perforin --- bicistronic --- HCV --- HIV --- IL-36 --- adjuvant --- DNA --- Zika --- Epstein-Barr virus --- latent proteins --- LMP2 --- EBNA1 --- LMP1 --- HIV-1 --- enhancer element --- circovirus --- influenza --- immunization --- intranasal --- lipid --- flagellin --- BCG --- vaccine --- rBCG --- HTI --- T-cell --- AIDS --- clinical trial --- therapeutic vaccine --- hepatitis C virus (HCV) --- mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) --- modified MSC --- DNA immunization --- nonstructural HCV proteins --- immune response --- HCV vaccine --- myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) --- n/a

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The cooperation of highly specialized cell types maintains the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The disturbance of that harmony contributes to the development of several diseases. Most of the cellular functions are executed by proteins, so it is essential to investigate biological processes at the protein level. Antibodies, complex biomolecules with high specificity, are used to recognize our protein of interest in a process known as “immunophenotyping”. One of the routinely used methods to study cellular proteins is flow cytometry, which detects cell surface or intracellular proteins at single-cell resolution. The other most frequent technique is the traditional immunohistochemical investigation of microscopic sections of human tissues. We called authors to publish their latest data studying cancer or autoimmune diseases by immunophenotyping.

Medicine --- CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1 --- CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1