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Mutualism (Biology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Mutualisme (biologie) --- Évolution (biologie)

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A mutualism is an interaction between individuals of two different species of organism in which both benefit from the association. With a focus on mutualisms between ants and aphids, coccids, membracids and lycaenids, this volume provides a detailed account of the many different facets of mutualisms. Mutualistic interactions not only affect the two partners, but can also have consequences for higher levels of organization. By linking theory to case studies, the authors present an integrated account of processes and patterns of mutualistic interactions at different levels of organisation, from individuals to communities to ecosystems. Interactions between ants and their insect partners and their outcomes are explained from a resource-based, cost-benefit perspective. Covering a fascinating and growing subject in modern ecology, this book will be of interest to community and evolutionary ecologists and entomologists, at both research and graduate student level.

Evolution. Phylogeny --- General ecology and biosociology --- Insects. Springtails --- Mutualism (Biology) --- Ants --- Ecology --- Symbiosis --- Ecology.

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Symbiosis --- Mutualism (Biology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Ecology --- Symbiose. --- Mutualisme (biologie) --- Évolution (biologie) --- Écologie. --- Évolution (biologie) --- Écologie.

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"The Perigord Truffle, Tuber melanosporum Vittad 1831, as of this writing, could be purchased for $19.97 per 14g (0.5oz), or US$1,426 per kg. These "black diamonds" are one of the ultimate human gastronomic experiences. Yet, despite centuries of study by outstanding scientists, the biology of truffles is so poorly understood that they cannot be commercially produced in consistent, meaningful quantities. Most gastronomic truffles still come from individual truffle hunters, working in orchards or wildlands and selling to expert middlemen, then to the international market often through back doors (see (375)). Efforts to collect truffles have been undertaken throughout recorded history as Romans, Greeks, Babylonians, Sumerians, and Egyptians all wrote about the fruit of Aphrodite (Aristotle). The complexity of formation, attributed to particular trees, lightning or thunder, or soils led to extensive research during the 19th century, culminating in the funding of the work of Albert Bernhard Frank, a forest pathologist, supported by the King of Prussia. Little did any of the early researchers recognize that the biology of Tuber was only a small, yet complicated piece of a story of a diverse type of symbiosis, that plays a major storyline in biological theory, in the application of agriculture and forestry, and holds keys to how carbon was sequestered in the early earth and provides directions to reducing the global CO2-climate impacts. Truffles, including members of the genus Tuber, are mycorrhizal fungi. That is, they are mutualistic fungi, associated with a limited array of host trees, such as oaks, beeches, and hazelnuts. Being a mutualistic symbiont means that not only is the ecology of the fungus complex, but the ecology of the host is also complex. Adding in the complexity of climate and soils that change over time and space, the association falls into the theoretical construct of biology called biocomplexity"--

Eumycetes --- fungi --- ecologie --- Mycorrhizal fungi --- Mutualism (Biology) --- Plant-fungus relationships. --- Plant-soil relationships. --- Mycorhizes --- Mutualisme (biologie) --- Relations plante-champignon. --- Relations plante-sol. --- Ecology. --- Écologie. --- Écologie.

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This monograph provides an overview of beneficial plant-bacterial interactions in a straightforward and easy-to-understand format, and includes a wealth of unique illustrations elaborating every major point. Study questions that emphasize the key points are provided at the end of each chapter. One way to feed all of the people in the world’s growing population is through the increased use of plant-growth-promoting bacteria in agriculture. These bacteria not only directly promote growth but also protect plants against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, they can be used to support procedures for biologically cleaning up the environment. Plant-growth-promoting bacteria are already being used successfully on a small scale in several countries, and as this technology matures, the world may witness a major paradigm shift in agricultural practice.

Life Sciences. --- Microbiology. --- Plant Physiology. --- Agriculture. --- Life sciences. --- Plant physiology. --- Sciences de la vie --- Agriculture --- Microbiologie --- Physiologie végétale --- Host-bacteria relationships. --- Mutualism (Biology). --- Plant molecular biology. --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Microbiology & Immunology --- Mutualism (Biology) --- Bacteria-host relationships --- Relationships, Host-bacteria --- Molecular phytobiology --- Phytobiology, Molecular --- Symbiosis --- Host-parasite relationships --- Botany --- Molecular biology --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Plants --- Physiology --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms