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"The debasement of coinage, particularly of silver, was a common feature of pre-modern monetary systems. Most coinages were issued by state authorities and the condition of a coinage is often seen (rightly or wrongly) as an indicator of the broader fiscal health of the state that produced it. While in some cases the motives behind the debasements or reductions in standards are clear, in many cases the intentions of the issuing authorities are uncertain. Various explanations have been advanced: fiscal motives (such as a desire to profit or a to cover a deficit caused by the failure to balance expenditure and revenues); monetary motives (such as changing demand for coined money or a desire to maintain monetary stability in the face of changing values of raw materials or labour costs); pressure from groups within society that would profit from debasement; misconduct at the mint; or the decline of existing monetary standards due to circulation and wear of the coinage in circulation. Apart from bringing together monetary historians of different periods, it also contains contributions from archaeometallurgists who have experience with the chemical and physical composition of coins and technical aspects of production of base alloys"-- Certain explanations have tended to gain favour with monetary historians of specific periods, partly reflecting the compartmentalization of scholarship. Thus the study of Roman debasements emphasizes fiscal deficits, whereas medievalists are often more prepared to consider monetary factors as contributing to debasements. To some extent these different approaches are a reflection of discrepancies in the amount of documentary evidence available for the respective periods, but the divide also underlines fundamentally different approaches to the function of coinage: Romanists have preferred to see coins as a medium for state payments; whereas medievalists have often emphasized exchange as an important function of currency. The volume is inter-disciplinary in scope.

Altertum. --- Coinage --- Coinage. --- Kind. --- Money --- Money. --- Mutterschaft. --- History --- To 1500. --- Mittelmeerraum.

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Motherhood --- Mothers --- Motherhood. --- Mothers. --- Mutterschaft --- Psychologie --- Maternal Behavior. --- Mother-Child Relations. --- psychology.

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Motherhood --- Mothers --- Mothers --- Maternal Behavior. --- Mother-Child Relations. --- Motherhood. --- Mothers. --- Mutterschaft --- Psychologie --- psychology.

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German literature --- German literature. --- Literatur. --- Mothers in literature. --- Mothers in literature. --- Mutterschaft (Motiv). --- Swedish literature --- Swedish literature. --- History and criticism. --- History and criticism. --- Deutsch. --- Schwedisch.

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A passionate placement of childbearing at the core of human culture and society, Bearing Meaning is that rare combination of warm and genuine experience with profound, important scholarship. From Homer to obstetric texts to Our Bodies, Ourselves, and where the humanities and social sciences overlap and intertwine, Robbie Pfeufer Kahn has crafted a beautiful book that awards the meaning of childbearing to all, not just to women or to families with children. Taking into account how the politics of patriarchy has sought to define and control the birth process, Kahn liberates and releases this central human experience into the heart of society and culture where it can be shared, enjoyed, and understood in greater depth than it has ever been before. As personal and touching as it is far-reaching and analytical, Bearing Meaning is fresh, original, and exciting, moving effortlessly among textual analyses, social theories, and the invaluable experience of motherhood. Kahn makes an unprecedented contribution to the understanding of the maternal in culture and society - which will, in turn, have a powerful impact not only on the reading and teaching of standard materials on birth and motherhood but on the rethinking of social reform as well.

Childbirth --- Childbirth --- Culturele aspecten. --- Feminism. --- Feminismus. --- Feminist theory. --- Feminist theory. --- Geboorte. --- Geburt. --- Moederschap. --- Motherhood. --- Motherhood. --- Mutterschaft. --- Obstetrics --- Obstetrics --- Sociale aspecten. --- féminisme --- féminisme --- maternité --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Maternité. --- Obstétrique. --- Naissance.