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This note summarizes findings from a new paper, which lays out a methodology to determine the types of mechanisms, be they the legal system, civil organizations, or shared business interest, that firms use when entering into agreements with their suppliers and customers. Specially, the note summarizes the data exploration technique (known as Latent Class Analysis) used in the paper and shows some basic results in terms of the attributes of each class. Four basic classes are used for dealing with suppliers (pure bilateralism, bilateralism with private support, bilateralism with legal support, and strong comprehensive) and with customers (pure bilateralism, bilateralism with private support, bilateralism with weak support, and weak comprehensive). Lastly, some basic correlations between the likelihood of class membership and firm-level characteristics are shown.

Business Environment --- Corporate Governance --- Foreign Ownership --- Governance --- Legal Framework --- Multinational and Corporate Governance --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics

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The government of Zambia is implementing the seventh National Development Plan (NDP) focused on building a diversified and resilient economy for sustained growth and social economic development (2017 - 2021). This second Zambia report on the Observance of Standards and Codes - Accounting and Auditing (ROSC A and A) is aimed at determining reforms that will further strengthen the accountancy profession to accelerate its contribution towards economic and social development. The report is set out as follows. Section I describes the objective, approach, country and economic context, and link between corporate and financial reporting and the seventh NDP, World Bank country partnership strategy, and different sectors; section II provides an assessment of the framework supporting the accountancy profession; section III discusses the status of implementation of 2007 policy recommendation; and section IV lists policy recommendations.

Corporate Data and Reporting --- Corporate Governance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Governance --- International Financial Reporting Standards --- Multinational and Corporate Governance --- Private Sector Development

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This paper investigates how international regulatory and institutional differences affect lending in the cross-border syndicated loan market. Lending provided through a foreign subsidiary is subject to subsidiary-country regulation and institutional arrangements. Multinational banks' choices between loan origination through the parent bank or through a foreign subsidiary provide information about these banks' preferences to operate in countries with varying regulations and institutions. The results indicate that international banks have a tendency to switch loan origination toward countries with less stringent bank regulation and supervision consistent with regulatory arbitrage, but that they prefer to originate loans in countries with higher-quality institutions related to financial market monitoring, creditor rights, and the speed of contract enforcement.

Creditor Rights --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Governance --- International Financial Markets --- International Lending --- Multinational and Corporate Governance --- Multinational Bank --- Regulation --- Syndicated Loans

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This publication provides a baseline exploration into gender diversity in the Ghanaian boardroom.It examines gender diversity-across sectors, ownership types, legal status, listing status, and anumber of organizational and board-level characteristics- to provide empirical evidence to guidethe development of organizational and national policy. The study, launched in Accra in October 2016, mainly focused on generating a balanced and objective analysis of the issues surrounding women in the boardroom to ascertain the business case for having females on boards in Ghana. The objectives of the study were to examine the nature of gender diversity in public and private sector boards in Ghana, examine the determinants of board diversity in Ghanaian organizations, examine the relationship between gender diversity and organizational performance in Ghana, and to explore the experiences of women on boards. The first section of this report provides contextand background for the study, beginning with a summary of global trends in gender diversity and,more specifically, an overview of the regulatory and legal framework on gender diversity in Ghana.It also states the purpose of the study and cites significant previous studies. And it describes the research methodology used for this study. The second section presents and discusses the study's findings, including a look at the firms sampled. It examines the nature of boards and gender diversity in Ghanaian boardrooms and explores gender dynamics within the corporate setting.The final two sections consider the implications of the study's findings, particularly the challenges, prospects, and experiences of women on boards, followed by a presentation of conclusions and policy recommendations.

Board of Directors --- Civic Participation and Corporate Governance --- Corporate Governance --- Corporate Social Responsibility --- Gender --- Governance --- Multinational and Corporate Governance --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Management and Reform

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The needs of societies for more accurate and reliable weather, climate, and hydrological 'hydromet' information are at the highest levels today. Weather events-including hurricanes, heat waves, floods, and droughts, jointly cause more economic damage and loss of life than any other disaster. Around the world, better warning systems, better meteorological and hydrological services, and customized service delivery can help prepare for and reduce the cost of weather events, minimize loss and damage, and build socio-economic resilience. Reliable hydromet services are in high demand in weather-dependent sectors like aviation, agriculture, shipping, transport, energy, and tourism. As the effects of climate change modify the patterns and intensity of natural hazards and as rapid urbanization and population growth increase vulnerability, adequate hydromet services are increasingly a very high value proposition. For over a decade, the World Bank has invested in the modernization of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). Some countries have been more successful than others with sustaining and multiplying the outcomes of these investments. We have also witnessed that many countries are struggling to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for more sophisticated services to protect lives and assets as well as to support economies. Over the same decade, advances in technology and innovation have widened the scope of products and services that can be used to improve weather data, warning systems, and hydromet information. Private-sector actors are playing an important role and along with the academic community are helping to push the frontiers of knowledge, investing in innovative solutions that deliver more reliable forecasting and more efficient and diverse services. The dynamics between the public, private, and academic sectors have been evolving, creating more opportunities than ever to join forces to deliver the socio-economic benefits of a more informed and resilient world. This report looks at the current landscape of partnerships and analyzes the experience from eight countries that have explored different approaches to partnership as they seek to strengthen the provision of hydromet services. Not surprisingly, these experiences show that collaboration across public, private, and academic actors in this field is changing rapidly, can be complex and challenging but is worth the effort. The report offers ideas about lessons learned so far as countries attempt to structure a balanced model that builds on an awareness of comparative advantages, a shared commitment to improving global public goods in the service of strengthening global resilience.

Adaptation To Climate Change --- Climate and Meteorology --- Environment --- Governance --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Multinational and Corporate Governance --- Natural Disasters --- Private Participation in Infrastructure --- Public-Private Partnerships --- Science and Technology Development