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Domestic terrorism --- Jihad. --- Muslims --- Political activity --- Indian Mujahideen. --- Pakistan. --- Jamat al-Dawa Pakistan. --- India --- Politics and government. --- Ethnic relations.

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Some 250,000 people died in the southern Somalia famine of 2011-12, which also displaced and destroyed the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands more. Yet this crisis had been predicted in 2010. The harshest drought in Somalia's recent history coincided with a global spike in food prices, hitting this arid, import-dependent country hard. The policies of Al-Shabaab, a militant Islamist group that controlled southern Somalia, exacerbated an already difficult situation, barring most humanitarian assistance, while the donors' counter-terrorism policies criminalized any aid falling into their hands. A major disaster resulted from production and market failures precipitated by the drought and food price crisis, while the famine itself resulted from failure to respond quickly to these events-and was thus largely human-made. This book analyzes the famine.

Famines --- Famine --- Food supply --- Starvation --- Shabaab. --- Somalia --- Somalia. --- Shabaab <> --- al-Shabaab --- Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen --- HSM --- Hizbul Shabaab --- Mujahideen Youth Movement --- Politische Organisation --- Somaliland --- Jamhuuriyadda Dimugraadiga Soomaaliya --- Jamhuriyadda Dimugradiya Soomaaliya --- Ṣūmālīya --- <> Ǧumhūrīya ad-Dīmūqrāṭīya aṣ-Ṣūmālīya --- Repubblica Somalia --- Repubblica Democratica Somalia --- Soomaaliya --- Jamhuuriyadda Dimoqraadiga Soomaaliya --- Jamhuriyadda Dimuqradiga Soomaaliya --- Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Soomaaliya --- Jamhuriyadda Dimugradiga ee Soomaaliya --- Somaliya --- Jamhuriyadda Dimugradiga Somaliya --- Ǧumhūrīyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl ad-Dīmuqrāṭīya --- Jamhuuriyadda Demokratikada Soomaaliya --- Somali Democratic Republic --- Demokratische Republik Somalia --- Somali Republic --- Sūmālīya --- Federal Republic of Somalia --- Somalier --- Britisch-Somaliland --- Italienisch-Somaliland --- 1960 --- -J.D.S. --- Jamhuuriyadda Dheegcabayaasha Cilmila'anta --- Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraatiga Soomaaliya --- JDS --- Jumhuriyadda Dimuqradika Somaliya --- Jumhūrīyat al-Ṣūmāl al-Dīmuqrāṭīyah --- Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl --- Repubblica democratica somala --- Repubblica somala --- République Démocratique de Somalie --- S.D.R. --- SDR --- Ṣūmāl --- J.D.S.

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"This report analyzes the U.S. and allied campaign against the al Qa'ida-linked terrorist group al Shabaab in Somalia, examines what steps have been most successful against the group, and identifies potential recommendations. It concludes that, while al Shabaab was weakened between 2011 and 2016, the group could resurge if urgent steps are not taken to address the political, economic, and governance challenges at the heart of the conflict. This study finds that a tailored engagement strategy which involved deploying a small number of U.S. special operations forces to conduct targeted strikes, provide intelligence, and build the capacity of local partner forces to conduct ground operations--was key in degrading al Shabaab. Still, progress in Somalia is reversible in the absence of continued and consistent pressure and political, economic, and social reforms. Today's terrorism and insurgency landscape defies easy solutions, with challenges from the Islamic State, al Qa'ida, and other groups across the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and Africa. While there has been a significant focus on how and why the U.S. and other Western governments have failed to degrade terrorists and insurgents in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Libya, and other countries, there has been far less attention on successful efforts to degrade groups. In Somalia, there has been limited progress. The challenge will be preventing a reversal"--Publisher's description.

Polemology --- Somalia --- Terrorism --- Counterinsurgency --- Counterguerrilla warfare --- Guerrilla warfare --- Insurgency --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Political crimes and offenses --- Subversive activities --- Political violence --- Terror --- Prevention --- Evaluation. --- Shabaab (Organization) --- Al-Shabaab (Organization) --- Al-Shabaab (Somalia) --- Ash-Shabaab (Somalia) --- Harakat al-Shabab al-Mujahideen --- Hizbul Shabaab (Somalia) --- HSM (Somalia) --- Movement of Striving Youth (Somalia) --- Mujahidin al-Shabaab Movement (Somalia) --- Mujahidin Youth Movement (Somalia) --- MYM (Somalia) --- Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (Somalia) --- Shabaab (Somalia) --- Shabab (Organization) --- Xarakada Mujaahidiinta Alshabaab (Somalia)

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The U.S. government classified members of the Mujahedin-e Khalq (MeK), a cult and designated foreign terrorist organization that was listed as an enemy force in Iraq, as civilian protected persons rather than combatant prisoners of war under the Geneva Conventions. A RAND study of this controversial decision recommends that MeK members be repatriated to Iran, which has promised amnesty to the group and appears to have upheld its commitment.

Terrorism --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Terrorists --- Criminals --- Government policy --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Sāzmān-i Mujāhidīn-i Khalq (Iran) --- Mujaheddin-e-Khalq (Iran) --- Mujāhidīn-i Khalq (Iran) --- Organization der Modjahedin des Iranischen Volkes --- O.M.I.V. --- OMIV --- People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran --- P.M.O.I. --- PMOI --- Sāzmān-i Mujāhidīn-i Khalq-i Īrān --- People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran --- Mujahideen Khalq Organization --- MKO --- People's Mojahedin of Iran --- O.M.K.I. --- Organization of the Mujahidin Khalgh-e Iran. --- Liberation Movement of Iran Abroad --- Munaẓẓamat Mujāhidī al-Shaʻb al-Īrānīyah --- Mujahiddin-i-Khalq Organization --- Organisation des modjahedines du peuple d'Iran --- OMPI --- Mojaheddin Khalgh Organization --- Mujahedin-e Khalq (Iran) --- People's Mojahedin's Organization (Iran) --- MEK --- Sazeman Mojahedin Khalgh (Iran) --- Sazeman Mojahedin Khalg Iran --- Iranian People's Combatant Organization --- IPCO --- سازمان مجاهدين خلق (ايران) --- Sazman-i Mujahidin-i Khalq (Iran)

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The Shi'is of Iraq provides a comprehensive history of Iraq's majority group and its turbulent relations with the ruling Sunni minority. Yitzhak Nakash challenges the widely held belief that Shi'i society and politics in Iraq are a reflection of Iranian Shi'ism, pointing to the strong Arab attributes of Iraqi Shi'ism. He contends that behind the power struggle in Iraq between Arab Sunnis and Shi'is there exist two sectarian groups that are quite similar. The tension fueling the sectarian problem between Sunnis and Shi'is is political rather than ethnic or cultural, and it reflects the competition of the two groups over the right to rule and to define the meaning of nationalism in Iraq. A new introduction brings this book into the new century and illuminates the role that Shi`is could play in postwar Iraq.

Shiites --- Shīʻah --- Chiites --- Chiisme --- History. --- History --- Political activity. --- Histoire --- Activité politique --- Iraq --- Irak --- Religious life and customs. --- Vie religieuse --- Sociology of religion --- Islam --- National movements --- anno 1900-1999 --- Shiah --- Shiites. --- Shīʻah. --- Schiiten --- Sjiʻisme. --- Iraq. --- Irak. --- Shia Muslims --- Shiah Muslims --- Shiahs --- Shias --- Shiite Muslims --- Muslims --- Imamites --- Shia --- Shiism --- Twelvers (Islam) --- Islamic sects --- Alids --- Schia --- Ahl aš-šīʿa --- Shiʻa --- Schiʻism --- Republik Irak --- Irāq --- ʿIrāq --- al-Gumhūrīya-Irāqīya --- <> Ǧumhūrīya al-ʿIrāqīya --- Komarī ʿĪrāq --- Iraqi Republic --- Ǧumhūrīyat al-ʿIrāq --- Republic of Iraq --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Iraker --- Bilād al-Rāfidayn --- Bilād --- Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah --- Rāfidayn, Bilād --- Ahl aš-šīʿa --- Shīʻah --- Shiites - Iraq - History. --- Shiah - Iraq. --- 'Adud al-Dawla. --- Abdul-Muttalib. --- Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani. --- Abu al-Qasim. --- Ahl al-Bayt. --- Ahmad Kasravi. --- Al-Amin. --- Al-Dawla. --- Al-Ghadir. --- Al-Hadi. --- Al-Hayat. --- Al-Hilli. --- Al-Mahdi. --- Al-Mu'tamid. --- Al-Mulk. --- Al-Nasir. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Al-Qassab. --- Al-Shahrastani. --- Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid. --- Al-Tusi. --- Ali Al-Wardi. --- Ali al-Ridha. --- Amin al-Husseini. --- Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. --- Bani Malik (tribe). --- Bektashi Order. --- Caliphate. --- Emir. --- Fakhr al-Din. --- Hafez. --- Hajji. --- Hamid Algar. --- Hashim. --- Hikmat Sulayman. --- Husayn ibn Ali. --- Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca. --- Hussein. --- Ibn Babawayh. --- Insurgency. --- Iranian Revolution. --- Iraqi Army. --- Iraqi Communist Party. --- Iraqi nationalism. --- Iraqis in Iran. --- Iraqis. --- Islam in Iraq. --- Islam. --- Islamic party. --- Ja'far al-Sadiq. --- Ja'far. --- Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani. --- Karbala. --- King of Syria. --- Kurdistan. --- Kurds in Iraq. --- Kuwait. --- Muawiyah I. --- Muhammad Baqir Majlisi. --- Muhammad al-Mahdi. --- Muhammad. --- Muhsin al-Hakim. --- Mujahideen. --- Murad III. --- Musa al-Kadhim. --- Naqib al-ashraf. --- Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. --- Nizam al-Mulk. --- Politique. --- Puritans. --- Qizilbash. --- Quraysh. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Revolution of 1905. --- Reza Shah. --- Roy Mottahedeh. --- Ruhollah Khomeini. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Sanctions against Iraq. --- Sati' al-Husri. --- Saud of Saudi Arabia. --- Sayyid. --- Sharaf al-Din. --- Sharia. --- Sharif of Mecca. --- Sheikh. --- Shia Islam. --- Sunni Islam. --- Syed Ahmad Khan. --- Tarif Khalidi. --- Tatbir. --- The Iraqis (party). --- Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad. --- Ulama. --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Usuli. --- Uthman. --- Wahhabism. --- Yasin al-Hashimi.