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80% of the bodies’ immune cells are harbored within the intestine. They are only separated from 1014 microorganisms by a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells and a secreted superficial mucus layer. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial surface represents a main frontier in host defense. Providing an intact mucosal barrier is vital for the host to limit bacterial entry and spread to the circulation. This specialized localization requires dynamic responses of intestinal epithelial cells to both pathogen- and immune-derived signals. Moreover, emergency barriers are needed in the setting of epithelial damage, which allow provisional microbial control and a timely restitution of mucosal integrity. Epithelial cells constantly interact with subjacent immune cells and fibroblasts, actively directing the immune response and also shaping the luminal microbiota. Epithelial dysfunction has been appreciated in recent years as a driving element in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Additionally, primary immune deficiencies may manifest in the form of chronic intestinal inflammation mimicking features of IBD. Recent advances in the techniques of epithelial cell culture and the discovery of new immune cell types and cellular properties have tremendously advanced the understanding in this interesting field of research. In this research topic, we want to focus on the complex interaction of intestinal epithelial cells, luminal flora and adjacent immune cells and invite manuscripts which highlight the dynamic responses of both epithelium and immune cells under steady-state or inflammatory conditions, and envision how this may be translated to the benefit of patient-care.

lymphocytes --- inflammatory bowel diseases --- immune system --- intestinal epithelium --- mucosal immunity

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80% of the bodies’ immune cells are harbored within the intestine. They are only separated from 1014 microorganisms by a single layer of intestinal epithelial cells and a secreted superficial mucus layer. Therefore, the intestinal epithelial surface represents a main frontier in host defense. Providing an intact mucosal barrier is vital for the host to limit bacterial entry and spread to the circulation. This specialized localization requires dynamic responses of intestinal epithelial cells to both pathogen- and immune-derived signals. Moreover, emergency barriers are needed in the setting of epithelial damage, which allow provisional microbial control and a timely restitution of mucosal integrity. Epithelial cells constantly interact with subjacent immune cells and fibroblasts, actively directing the immune response and also shaping the luminal microbiota. Epithelial dysfunction has been appreciated in recent years as a driving element in the pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Additionally, primary immune deficiencies may manifest in the form of chronic intestinal inflammation mimicking features of IBD. Recent advances in the techniques of epithelial cell culture and the discovery of new immune cell types and cellular properties have tremendously advanced the understanding in this interesting field of research. In this research topic, we want to focus on the complex interaction of intestinal epithelial cells, luminal flora and adjacent immune cells and invite manuscripts which highlight the dynamic responses of both epithelium and immune cells under steady-state or inflammatory conditions, and envision how this may be translated to the benefit of patient-care.

lymphocytes --- inflammatory bowel diseases --- immune system --- intestinal epithelium --- mucosal immunity

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Gut health and specifically the gut microbiome-host interaction is currently a major research topic across the life sciences. In the case of animal sciences research into animal production and health, the gut has been a continuous area of interest. Production parameters such as growth and feed efficiency are entirely dependent on optimum gut health. In addition, the gut is a major immune organ and one of the first lines of defense in animal disease. Recent changes in animal production management and feed regulations, both regulatory and consumer driven, have placed added emphasis on finding ways to optimize gut health in novel and effective ways. In this volume we bring together original research and review articles covering three major categories of gut health and animal production: the gut microbiome, mucosal immunology, and feed-based interventions. Included within these categories is a broad range of scientific expertise and experimental approaches that span food animal production. Our goal in bringing together the articles on this research topic is to survey the current knowledge on gut health in animal production. The following 15 articles include knowledge and perspectives from researchers from multiple countries and research perspectives, all with the central goal of improving animal health and production.

gut health --- production animals --- Swine --- Cattle --- Chickens --- microbiome --- mucosal immunity --- gut health --- production animals --- Swine --- Cattle --- Chickens --- microbiome --- mucosal immunity

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Cholera remains a global threat in the 21st century, chiefly due to the continued lack of adequate resource provision and the political will to ensure a safe potable water supply and sanitary waste disposal for a burgeoning global population. The current Special Issue on cholera provides an overview of the available control measures from the perspectives of bioecology, immunology and vaccinology and treatment. These modalities have the potential to reduce cholera case fatality rates to less than 1% if properly implemented. In this Special Issue on cholera, the current state of the art in science-based control measures is reported on by several of the world’s leaders in research on the control of cholera and allied acute watery diarrheal diseases. Dr. Rita Colwell, Dr. Anwar Huq and colleagues at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida will review the latest information on environmental factors related to the prediction and prevention of cholera. Dr. Jacqueline Dean and Dr. John Clemens contribute an overview of recent insights into the performance of licensed and recommended cholera vaccines. Dr. Jan Holmgren will present an update on cholera immunity and the next generation of cholera vaccines. Dr. David Nalin will discuss cholera treatment options and optimums for the 21st century, and Dr. Richard A. Cash will focus on bringing diarrhea treatment, control, and prevention to the community.

Public health & preventive medicine --- VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration --- VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration

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Cholera remains a global threat in the 21st century, chiefly due to the continued lack of adequate resource provision and the political will to ensure a safe potable water supply and sanitary waste disposal for a burgeoning global population. The current Special Issue on cholera provides an overview of the available control measures from the perspectives of bioecology, immunology and vaccinology and treatment. These modalities have the potential to reduce cholera case fatality rates to less than 1% if properly implemented. In this Special Issue on cholera, the current state of the art in science-based control measures is reported on by several of the world’s leaders in research on the control of cholera and allied acute watery diarrheal diseases. Dr. Rita Colwell, Dr. Anwar Huq and colleagues at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida will review the latest information on environmental factors related to the prediction and prevention of cholera. Dr. Jacqueline Dean and Dr. John Clemens contribute an overview of recent insights into the performance of licensed and recommended cholera vaccines. Dr. Jan Holmgren will present an update on cholera immunity and the next generation of cholera vaccines. Dr. David Nalin will discuss cholera treatment options and optimums for the 21st century, and Dr. Richard A. Cash will focus on bringing diarrhea treatment, control, and prevention to the community.

VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration --- n/a