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Professional ethics. Deontology --- Gynaecology. Obstetrics --- Human embryology --- Ethics, Medical --- Fertilization in Vitro --- Mothers --- Fertilization in vitro, Human --- Surrogate motherhood --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Ethics, Medical. --- Fertilization in Vitro. --- Mothers. --- #GBIB:CBMER --- Mothers' Clubs --- Club, Mothers' --- Clubs, Mothers' --- Mother --- Mother Clubs --- Mother's Clubs --- Mothers Clubs --- Mothers' Club --- Fertilizations in Vitro --- In Vitro Fertilization --- Test-Tube Babies --- Test-Tube Fertilization --- Babies, Test-Tube --- Baby, Test-Tube --- Fertilization, Test-Tube --- Fertilizations, Test-Tube --- In Vitro Fertilizations --- Test Tube Babies --- Test Tube Fertilization --- Test-Tube Baby --- Test-Tube Fertilizations --- Ectogenesis --- Genetic Engineering --- Insemination, Artificial --- Medical Ethics --- Medicine --- Professionalism --- Bioethics --- ethics --- Human reproductive technology --- Motherhood --- Fertilization in vitro, Human - Moral and ethical aspects --- Surrogate motherhood - Moral and ethical aspects

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In the nineteenth century, infants were commonly breast-fed; by the middle of the twentieth century, women typically bottle-fed their babies on the advice of their doctors. In this book, Rima D. Apple discloses and analyzes the complex interactions of science, medicine, economics, and culture that underlie this dramatic shift in infant-care practices and women's lives. As infant feeding became the keystone of the emerging specialty of pediatrics in the twentieth century, the manufacture of infant food became a lucrative industry. More and more mothers reported difficulty in nursing their babies. While physicians were establishing themselves and the scientific experts and the infant-food industry was hawking the scientific bases of their products, women embraced "scientific motherhood," believing that science could shape child care practices. The commercialization and medicalization of infant care established an environment that made bottle feeding not only less feared by many mothers, but indeed "natural" and "necessary." Focusing on the history of infant feeding, this book clarifies the major elements involved in the complex and sometimes contradictory interaction between women and the medical profession, revealing much about the changing roles of mothers and physicians in American society.

Physician-Patient Relations. --- Mothers. --- Infant Nutrition. --- Infant Food --- Infant Care --- Physician and patient --- Physicians --- Mothers --- Breastfeeding --- Infants --- Allopathic doctors --- Doctors --- Doctors of medicine --- MDs (Physicians) --- Medical doctors --- Medical profession --- Medical personnel --- Medicine --- Doctor and patient --- Doctor-patient relationships --- Patient and doctor --- Patient and physician --- Patient-doctor relationships --- Patient-physician relationships --- Patients and doctors --- Patients and physicians --- Physician-patient relationships --- Physicians and patients --- Interpersonal relations --- Fear of doctors --- Narrative medicine --- Moms --- Parents --- Women --- Housewives --- Motherhood --- Pregnant women --- Babies --- Infancy --- Children --- Breast feeding --- Nursing (Breastfeeding) --- Suckling --- Lactation --- Wet nurses --- Child Care --- Food, Infant --- Foods, Infant --- Infant Foods --- Mothers' Clubs --- Club, Mothers' --- Clubs, Mothers' --- Mother --- Mother Clubs --- Mother's Clubs --- Mothers Clubs --- Mothers' Club --- Doctor Patient Relations --- Physician Patient Relations --- Physician Patient Relationship --- Doctor-Patient Relations --- Doctor Patient Relation --- Doctor-Patient Relation --- Physician Patient Relation --- Physician Patient Relationships --- Physician-Patient Relation --- Relation, Doctor Patient --- Relation, Doctor-Patient --- Relation, Physician Patient --- Relation, Physician-Patient --- Relations, Doctor Patient --- Relations, Doctor-Patient --- Relations, Physician Patient --- Relations, Physician-Patient --- Relationship, Physician Patient --- Relationships, Physician Patient --- history --- History --- Nutrition

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A leading theorist in the sociology of sex and gender, Miriam Johnson establishes as her starting point the belief that inequality is not inherent or inevitable in heterosexual relations. In Strong Mothers, Weak Wives she develops this notion by examining how gender differences get translated into gender inequalities and how this process relates to the structure of the nuclear family and to the social organization of modern societies.

Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Dominance (Psychology). --- Mothers --- Sex differences (Psychology). --- Sex role. --- Wives --- Psychology. --- Sex role --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Dominance (Psychology) --- Psychosexual Development --- Parents --- Human Rights --- Marital Status --- Identification (Psychology) --- Family Characteristics --- Personality Development --- Nuclear Family --- Social Control, Formal --- Psychoanalytic Theory --- Defense Mechanisms --- Persons --- Personality --- Demography --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Health Care Economics and Organizations --- Family --- Sociology --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Named Groups --- Psychological Theory --- Population Characteristics --- Psychology, Social --- Health Care --- Social Sciences --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Women's Rights --- Marriage --- Gender Identity --- Sociology & Social History --- Family & Marriage --- Anal Stage --- Phallic Stage --- Anal Stages --- Development, Psychosexual --- Developments, Psychosexual --- Phallic Stages --- Psychosexual Developments --- Stage, Anal --- Stage, Phallic --- Stages, Anal --- Stages, Phallic --- Sex --- Sexuality --- Social hierarchy (Psychology) --- Control (Psychology) --- Social groups --- Sex (Psychology) --- Gender role --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Mothers' Clubs --- Club, Mothers' --- Clubs, Mothers' --- Mother --- Mother Clubs --- Mother's Clubs --- Mothers Clubs --- Mothers' Club --- Gender --- Man's Role --- Men's Role --- Woman's Role --- Women's Role --- Gender Role --- Sex Role --- Gender Identities --- Gender Roles --- Identity, Gender --- Role, Man's --- Role, Men's --- Role, Sex --- Role, Woman's --- Role, Women's --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Men's --- Roles, Sex --- Roles, Woman's --- Roles, Women's --- Sex Roles --- Woman's Roles --- Women's Roles --- Transgender Persons --- Arranged Marriage --- Commonlaw Marriage --- Consensual Union --- Consummation of Marriage --- Dowry --- Husband-Wife Comparisons --- Intermarriage --- Marriage Age --- Marriage Duration --- Marriage Patterns --- Marriage Postponement --- Mate Selection --- Multiple Marriages --- Nuptiality --- Polygamy --- Polygyny --- Remarriage --- Same-Sex Marriage --- Marital Relationship --- Age, Marriage --- Ages, Marriage --- Arranged Marriages --- Commonlaw Marriages --- Comparison, Husband-Wife --- Comparisons, Husband-Wife --- Consensual Unions --- Dowries --- Duration, Marriage --- Husband Wife Comparisons --- Husband-Wife Comparison --- Intermarriages --- Marital Relationships --- Marriage Ages --- Marriage Consummation --- Marriage Consummations --- Marriage Pattern --- Marriage Postponements --- Marriage, Arranged --- Marriage, Commonlaw --- Marriage, Same-Sex --- Marriages --- Marriages, Arranged --- Marriages, Commonlaw --- Marriages, Multiple --- Marriages, Same-Sex --- Mate Selections --- Postponement, Marriage --- Postponements, Marriage --- Relationship, Marital --- Relationships, Marital --- Remarriages --- Same Sex Marriage --- Same-Sex Marriages --- Selection, Mate --- Selections, Mate --- Union, Consensual --- Unions, Consensual --- Woman's Rights --- Women's Status --- Women's Liberation --- Liberation, Women's --- Right, Woman's --- Right, Women's --- Rights, Woman's --- Rights, Women's --- Status, Women's --- Woman Rights --- Woman's Right --- Women Status --- Women's Right --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Social Psychology --- Psychologies, Social --- Social Psychologies --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Psychologic Theory --- Psychological Theories --- Theories, Psychological --- Theory, Psychological --- Psychologic Theories --- Theories, Psychologic --- Theory, Psychologic --- General Social Development and Population --- Extended Family --- Family Life Cycle --- Family Research --- Filiation --- Kinship Networks --- Relatives --- Family Life Cycles --- Family Members --- Family, Reconstituted --- Stepfamily --- Extended Families --- Families --- Families, Extended --- Families, Reconstituted --- Family Member --- Family, Extended --- Kinship Network --- Life Cycle, Family --- Life Cycles, Family --- Network, Kinship --- Networks, Kinship --- Reconstituted Families --- Reconstituted Family --- Research, Family --- Stepfamilies --- Grandparents --- Healthcare Economics and Organizations --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Inequalities --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequality --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Accounting, Demographic --- Analyses, Demographic --- Analyses, Multiregional --- Analysis, Period --- Brass Technic --- Brass Technique --- Demographers --- Demographic Accounting --- Demographic Analysis --- Demographic Factor --- Demographic Factors --- Demographic Impact --- Demographic Impacts --- Demographic Survey --- Demographic Surveys --- Demographic and Health Surveys --- Demographics --- Demography, Historical --- Demography, Prehistoric --- Factor, Demographic --- Factors, Demographic --- Family Reconstitution --- Historical Demography --- Impact, Demographic --- Impacts, Demographic --- Multiregional Analysis --- Period Analysis --- Population Spatial Distribution --- Prehistoric Demography --- Reverse Survival Method --- Stable Population Method --- Survey, Demographic --- Surveys, Demographic --- Population Distribution --- Analyses, Period --- Analysis, Demographic --- Analysis, Multiregional --- Demographer --- Demographic Analyses --- Demographies, Historical --- Demographies, Prehistoric --- Distribution, Population --- Distribution, Population Spatial --- Distributions, Population --- Distributions, Population Spatial --- Family Reconstitutions --- Historical Demographies --- Method, Reverse Survival --- Method, Stable Population --- Methods, Reverse Survival --- Methods, Stable Population --- Multiregional Analyses --- Period Analyses --- Population Distributions --- Population Methods, Stable --- Population Spatial Distributions --- Prehistoric Demographies --- Reconstitution, Family --- Reconstitutions, Family --- Reverse Survival Methods --- Spatial Distribution, Population --- Spatial Distributions, Population --- Stable Population Methods --- Technic, Brass --- Technique, Brass --- Personalities --- Human Characteristics --- Person --- Mechanisms, Defense --- Psychoanalytical Theory --- Theory, Psychoanalytic --- Oral Character --- Character, Oral --- Characters, Oral --- Oral Characters --- Psychoanalytic Theories --- Psychoanalytical Theories --- Theories, Psychoanalytic --- Theories, Psychoanalytical --- Theory, Psychoanalytical --- Regulation --- Social Control --- Control, Social --- Controls, Social --- Formal Social Control --- Formal Social Controls --- Regulations --- Social Controls --- Public Policy --- Daughters --- Sons --- Daughter --- Families, Nuclear --- Family, Nuclear --- Nuclear Families --- Son --- Development, Personality --- Child Development --- Growth --- Couples --- Family Demography --- Family Life Surveys --- Family Size, Average --- Family Size, Completed --- Family Size, Desired --- Family Size, Expected --- Family Size, Ideal --- Family and Household --- Generations --- Head of Household --- Households --- Matriarchy --- One-Person Household --- Patriarchy --- Family Size --- Average Family Size --- Average Family Sizes --- Characteristic, Family --- Characteristics, Family --- Completed Family Size --- Completed Family Sizes --- Demographies, Family --- Demography, Family --- Desired Family Size --- Desired Family Sizes --- Expected Family Size --- Expected Family Sizes --- Family Characteristic --- Family Demographies --- Family Life Survey --- Family Sizes --- Family Sizes, Average --- Family Sizes, Completed --- Family Sizes, Desired --- Family Sizes, Expected --- Family Sizes, Ideal --- Household --- Household Head --- Household Heads --- Household and Family --- Household, One-Person --- Households, One-Person --- Ideal Family Size --- Ideal Family Sizes --- Life Survey, Family --- Life Surveys, Family --- Matriarchies --- One Person Household --- One-Person Households --- Patriarchies --- Survey, Family Life --- Surveys, Family Life --- Identification --- Identifications (Psychology) --- Status, Marital --- Equal Rights --- Equal Right --- Human Right --- Right, Equal --- Right, Human --- Rights, Equal --- Rights, Human --- Social Justice --- Human Rights Abuses --- Parental Age --- Parenthood Status --- Stepparent --- Step-Parents --- Age, Parental --- Ages, Parental --- Parent --- Parental Ages --- Status, Parenthood --- Step Parents --- Step-Parent --- Stepparents --- Parental Consent --- Parental Notification --- Psychology --- Psychology, Perceptual --- Perceptual Psychology --- Identification, Psychology --- Identifications, Psychological --- Identifications, Psychology --- Psychological Identification --- Psychological Identifications --- Psychology Identification --- Psychology Identifications --- Collective Human Rights --- Linguistic Rights --- Right to Housing and Shelter --- Rights of Indigenous Peoples --- Human Rights, Collective --- Indigenous Peoples Rights --- Rights, Collective Human --- Rights, Linguistic --- Social Cognitive Theory --- Cognitive Theories, Social --- Cognitive Theory, Social --- Social Cognitive Theories --- Theories, Social Cognitive --- Theory, Social Cognitive --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Health Care Economics --- Health Economics --- Healthcare Economics --- Care Economic, Health --- Economic, Health --- Economic, Health Care --- Economic, Healthcare --- Economics, Health Care --- Health Care Economic --- Health Economic --- Healthcare Economic --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Demographic --- Demographic and Health Survey --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Roles, Gendered --- Sex roles --- Psychosexual Development. --- Parents. --- Human Rights. --- Marital Status. --- Identification, Psychological. --- Family Characteristics. --- Personality Development. --- Nuclear Family. --- Social Control, Formal. --- Psychoanalytic Theory. --- Defense Mechanisms. --- Persons. --- Personality. --- Demography. --- Socioeconomic Factors. --- Health Care Economics and Organizations. --- Family. --- Sociology. --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms. --- Psychological Theory. --- Population Characteristics. --- Psychology, Social. --- Delivery of Health Care. --- Social Sciences. --- Women's Rights. --- Marriage. --- Gender Identity. --- Mothers.