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Ozone diplomacy
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 0674020758 9780674020757 0674650034 9780674650039 0674650026 9780674650022 Year: 1998 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press

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Abstract

The first edition of this book offered an insider's view of the politics, economics, science, and diplomacy involved in creating the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Now Benedick--a principal architect and chief U.S. negotiator of the treaty--brings us to the eve of the treaty's 10th anniversary.


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International environment : operations of the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund : statement by Lawrence Dyckman, Associate Director, Environmental Protection Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives
Authors: ---
Year: 1997 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : Gaithersburg, MD (P.O. Box 6015, Gaithersburg 20884-6015) : The Office ; The Office [distributor],


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Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer : UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel. April 1998 report.
Authors: ---
ISBN: 9280717049 9789280717044 Year: 1998 Publisher: Nairobi : UNEP,


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Resource Mobilization for HCFC Phase-out and Climate Mitigation Co-benefits : A Study Prepared for the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund.
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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This study seeks to identify potential sources of co-financing to meet the additional costs of energy efficiency (EE) and climate mitigation benefits associated with the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) phase-out supported by the Multilateral fund of the montreal protocol (MLF). As it stands, the policy of the multilateral fund is to support only the eligible incremental costs related to the phase-out of ozone depleting substances, and not to support the additional costs of additional EE related improvements of the equipment. Currently therefore, while the multilateral fund encourages exploring co-financing opportunities for improving energy efficiency, the fund does not directly support the uptake of the most energy efficient technology. HCFC phase-out management plans (HPMPs) approved by the MLF seek to facilitate the conversion of refrigeration - air conditioning (Ref-AC) manufacturing and foam manufacturing away from the use of HCFCs to non - ozone depleting substance (ODS) alternatives. This study explores pathways that may encourage the uptake of ozone- and climate friendly technologies through synergies between the MP, policies to promote EE, and climate finance instruments; thereby leading also to cost-effectiveness of public financing and economic efficiency where synergies exist and can be exploited. The study underscores, based on practical examples, that opportunities can be strategically engineered to encourage harmonization between the phase-out of the HCFCs and HCFC-using technologies with efforts to promote energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).


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Contrasting Future Paths for An Evolving Global Climate Regime
Authors: ---
Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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This paper explores two different conceptions of how an emerging climate regime might evolve to strengthen incentives for more vigorous cooperation in mitigating global climate change. One is the paradigm that has figured most prominently in negotiations to this point: the establishment of targets and timetables for countries to limit their aggregate greenhouse gas emissions. The other approach consists of a variety of loosely coordinated smaller scale agreements, each one of which addresses a different aspect of the challenge, and is enforced in its own way. The primary conclusion is that an agreement of the first type may be more cost-effective, but that a system of agreements of the second type would likely sustain more abatement overall.


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Networked Carbon Markets : Key Elements of the Mitigation Value Assessment Process
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Year: 2015 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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This paper builds on the findings of an earlier unpublished discussion paper titled "designing a model for networked carbon markets", with its objective being to describe key elements of the mitigation value assessment process. The outcome of this paper will inform a model for the Networked Carbon Markets concept, to be prepared at a later date. The following section two acknowledges the subject matter of the NCM initiative, namely the diverse and heterogeneous trading schemes and other carbon pricing mechanisms that are being put in place by jurisdictions around the globe. As this is the subject of another World Bank paper, only a brief reference is included. Section three sets out a conceptual framework within which to consider the key elements described in the glossary of terms, addressed in section four and annexure 'C'. This section also looks at different transaction scenarios, introducing the concepts of an international transaction unit and an index. Section five turns attention to the types of institutions that might be suitable to participate in the mitigation value assessment process, providing practical examples, and considering the types of expertise and tools those institutions might leverage. Section six considers options for regulatory supervision of the MV assessment process. Section seven looks in more detail at the relationship between mitigation value and the compliance value that might be attached to carbon assets and, in so doing, considers the role and function of the settlement platform. This section also considers the feasibility and potential benefits of an index. The concluding section eight looks at the next steps that might flow from this work.


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Enhanced Financial Mechanisms for Post 2012 Mitigation
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Year: 2009 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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Despite the many calls to reform the CDM, its conceptual underpinnings are strong and it will most likely survive in the post-2012 climate regime. Some modifications may be considered in the short term to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of the mechanism without modifying the Marrakesh Accords. In the medium term substantially increased mitigation efforts in developing countries may require a combination of three possible financial mechanisms: the current activity-based CDM albeit improved, a second market mechanism that would seek to improve the long term emission trends of developing countries by promoting broad based emission reduction programs primarily in the private sector, and a third financial mechanism outside of the market which would be an incentive for the adoption of policy changes leading to a low carbon path, but where emission reductions would not be used as international offsets.


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Enhanced Financial Mechanisms for Post 2012 Mitigation
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Year: 2009 Publisher: Washington, D.C., The World Bank,

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Despite the many calls to reform the CDM, its conceptual underpinnings are strong and it will most likely survive in the post-2012 climate regime. Some modifications may be considered in the short term to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of the mechanism without modifying the Marrakesh Accords. In the medium term substantially increased mitigation efforts in developing countries may require a combination of three possible financial mechanisms: the current activity-based CDM albeit improved, a second market mechanism that would seek to improve the long term emission trends of developing countries by promoting broad based emission reduction programs primarily in the private sector, and a third financial mechanism outside of the market which would be an incentive for the adoption of policy changes leading to a low carbon path, but where emission reductions would not be used as international offsets.


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Study on Financing the Destruction of Unwanted Ozone-Depleting Substances through the Voluntary Carbon Market
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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This report was prepared by Investment Climate Facility (ICF) international with direction from World Bank's Montreal protocol unit and the project team. While Montreal protocol has achieved remarkable success in reducing production and consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS) worldwide, a significant amount of ODS still remains in equipments, products, and stockpiles. This report finds that significant opportunity exists for destroying ODS through the voluntary carbon market. The high global warming potential (GWP) of ODS means that their destruction has the ability to generate significant volumes of carbon credits, which could then be sold in the voluntary carbon market. Using the voluntary market is likely a win-win opportunity; incentives are created for the recovery and destruction of ODS through the carbon credits that can be earned, and the buyers pay for real and verifiable emission reductions from the destruction of ODS that would have otherwise been emitted.


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Review of Urban Air Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa Region : Air Quality Profile of SSA Countries.
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Year: 2012 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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In Africa, urban outdoor air pollution is responsible for an estimated 49,000 premature deaths annually with indoor use of solid fuels being responsible for eight times this value, the main burden being borne by Sub Saharan African countries. Air pollution, outdoor and indoor, affects the health and life chances of millions of people in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA)every day. There is a link between air pollution and poverty since poor people are exposed to higher concentrations of air pollutants and tend to suffer disproportionately from the effects of deteriorating air quality (AQ). Children in cities exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants will more often develop respiratory ailments which prevent them from developing and learning well. As a consequence they will suffer in adult life from low levels of qualifications and skills. The implication of poorly educated children is not only a reduction of quality of their lives but also an obstacle for the economic development of a country as a whole. Rapid urbanization means increase in motorization and economic activity which in turn leads to increased air pollution if countermeasures are not taken. In view these linkages addressing urban AQ in SSA is particularly important. Air pollution in Sub Saharan cities appears to be on the rise with respect to many key pollutants. In some cities where monitoring has been performed levels of air pollution exceed World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The main cause of urban air pollution is the use of fossil fuels in transport, power generation, industry and domestic sectors. In addition, the burning of firewood, agricultural and animal waste also contributes to pollution levels. Pollutant emissions have direct and indirect effects with a wide range of impacts on human health, ecosystems, agriculture and materials. There is a growing need to determine the state of urban AQ and the challenges posed to solve it and identify the most effective measures to protect human health and the environment. Learning from experience and successes in urban AQ management (AQM) from other countries can assists in the formulation and implementation of strategies to achieve better AQ in Sub Saharan Africa. This report compiles the information provided by the 25countries in a harmonized way and gives an in-depth review of AQ in SSA with AQ profile of each country, presenting the country's main current urban AQ issues, emissions standards, ongoing projects, lessons learned from good/bad practices. It was attempted to compile this information also for additional SSA countries from available publications and internet sources.

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