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The purpose of this SI is to provide an overview of recent advances made in the methods used for tissue imaging and characterization, which benefit from using a large range of optical wavelengths. Guerouah et al. has contributed a profound study of the responses of the adult human brain to breath-holding challenges based on hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS). Lange et al. contributed a timely and comprehensive review of the features and biomedical and clinical applications of supercontinuum laser sources. Blaney et al. reported the development of a calibration-free hNIRS system that can measure the absolute and broadband absorption and scattering spectra of turbid media. Slooter et al. studied the utility of measuring multiple tissue parameters simultaneously using four optical techniques operating at different wavelengths of light—optical coherence tomography (1300 nm), sidestream darkfield microscopy (530 nm), laser speckle contrast imaging (785 nm), and fluorescence angiography (~800 nm)—in the gastric conduit during esophagectomy. Caredda et al. showed the feasibility of accurately quantifying the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin and cytochrome-c-oxidase responses to neuronal activation and obtaining spatial maps of these responses using a setup consisting of a white light source and a hyperspectral or standard RGB camera. It is interest for the developers and potential users of clinical brain and tissue optical monitors, and for researchers studying brain physiology and functional brain activity.

Public health & preventive medicine --- hemodynamic brain mapping --- metabolic brain mapping --- Monte Carlo simulations --- intraoperative imaging --- optical imaging --- hyperspectral imaging --- RGB imaging --- fluorescence imaging --- fluorescence angiography --- indocyanine green (ICG) --- optical coherence tomography (OCT) --- laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) --- esophagectomy --- gastric conduit --- Sidestream Darkfield Microscopy (SDF) --- multispectral --- broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy --- frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy --- dual-slope --- absorption spectra --- supercontinuum laser --- NIRS --- tissue optics --- diffuse optics --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- brain --- BOLD signal --- breath-holding --- cytochrome C oxidase --- n/a

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The Special Issue "Computational Intelligence Application in Electrical Engineering" deals with the application of computational intelligence techniques in various areas of electrical engineering. The topics of computational intelligence applications in smart power grid optimization, power distribution system protection, and electrical machine design and control optimization are presented in the Special Issue. The co-simulation approach to metaheuristic optimization methods and simulation tools for a power system analysis are also presented. The main computational intelligence techniques, evolutionary optimization, fuzzy inference system, and an artificial neural network are used in the research presented in the Special Issue. The articles published in this issue present the recent trends in computational intelligence applications in the areas of electrical engineering.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- active distribution network --- computational intelligence --- optimization algorithms --- optimal distribution system management --- optimal Smart Grid management --- advanced distribution system optimization --- renewable distributed generation --- Smart Grid optimization --- co-simulation --- computational intelligence techniques --- distributed generation --- optimal allocation and control --- power system protection --- overcurrent relays --- protection relays --- metaheuristic --- school-based optimizer --- electric markets --- photovoltaic generation --- Monte Carlo simulations --- power flow --- S-iteration process --- Newton–Raphson --- high order newton-like method --- computational efficiency --- line-start synchronous motor --- efficiency factor --- power factor --- optometric analysis --- transient models --- induction machine --- ant colony optimization --- predictive current control --- fuzzy logic control --- Takagi–Sugeno --- n/a --- Newton-Raphson --- Takagi-Sugeno

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The Special Issue "Computational Intelligence Application in Electrical Engineering" deals with the application of computational intelligence techniques in various areas of electrical engineering. The topics of computational intelligence applications in smart power grid optimization, power distribution system protection, and electrical machine design and control optimization are presented in the Special Issue. The co-simulation approach to metaheuristic optimization methods and simulation tools for a power system analysis are also presented. The main computational intelligence techniques, evolutionary optimization, fuzzy inference system, and an artificial neural network are used in the research presented in the Special Issue. The articles published in this issue present the recent trends in computational intelligence applications in the areas of electrical engineering.

active distribution network --- computational intelligence --- optimization algorithms --- optimal distribution system management --- optimal Smart Grid management --- advanced distribution system optimization --- renewable distributed generation --- Smart Grid optimization --- co-simulation --- computational intelligence techniques --- distributed generation --- optimal allocation and control --- power system protection --- overcurrent relays --- protection relays --- metaheuristic --- school-based optimizer --- electric markets --- photovoltaic generation --- Monte Carlo simulations --- power flow --- S-iteration process --- Newton–Raphson --- high order newton-like method --- computational efficiency --- line-start synchronous motor --- efficiency factor --- power factor --- optometric analysis --- transient models --- induction machine --- ant colony optimization --- predictive current control --- fuzzy logic control --- Takagi–Sugeno --- n/a --- Newton-Raphson --- Takagi-Sugeno

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Symmetry is one of the most important notions in natural science; it lies at the heart of fundamental laws of nature and serves as an important tool for understanding the properties of complex systems, both classical and quantum. Another trend, which has in recent years undergone intensive development, is mesoscopic physics. This branch of physics also combines classical and quantum ideas and methods. Two main directions can be distinguished in mesoscopic physics. One is the study of finite quantum systems of mesoscopic sizes. Such systems, which are between the atomic and macroscopic scales, exhibit a variety of novel phenomena and find numerous applications in creating modern electronic and spintronic devices. At the same time, the behavior of large systems can be influenced by mesoscopic effects, which provides another direction within the framework of mesoscopic physics. The aim of the present book is to emphasize the phenomena that lie at the crossroads between the concept of symmetry and mesoscopic physics.

Bose systems --- asymptotic symmetry breaking --- Bose–Einstein condensation --- particle fluctuations --- stability of Bose systems --- fractals --- small-angle scattering --- form factor --- structural properties --- dimension spectra --- pair distance distribution function --- stochastic dynamics --- symmetry breaking --- field-theoretic renormalization group --- Bose–Einstein condensates --- density --- position variance --- momentum variance --- angular-momentum variance --- harmonic-interaction model --- MCTDHB --- particle-hole symmetry --- metal–insulator transition --- random gap model --- Monte Carlo simulations --- structure factor --- quantum droplet --- binary Bose–Einstein condensate --- modulational instability --- graphene --- ripple --- transport --- symmetry --- quantum dot --- Kramers degeneracy --- spin-orbit interaction --- tight-binding approach --- Bose-Einstein condensates --- Josephson oscillations --- spontaneous symmetry breaking --- Thomas-Fermi approximation --- dynamical chaos --- ground states --- perturbation theory

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Particle accelerators and radiation based on radio-frequency (RF) cavities have significantly contributed to the advancement of science and technology in the most recent century. However, the rising costs and scales for building cutting-edge accelerators act as barriers to accessing these particle and radiation sources. Since the introduction of chirped pulse amplification technology in the 1990s, short-pulse, high-power lasers have enabled the realization of laser-driven accelerations and radiation sources. Laser-driven accelerators and radiation sources could be a viable alternative to providing compact and cost-effective particle and photon sources. An accelerating field in a plasma, driven by intense laser pulses, is typically several orders of magnitude greater than that of RF accelerators, while controlling the plasma media and intense laser pulses is highly demanding. Therefore, numerous efforts have been directed toward developing laser-driven high-quality particle beams and radiation sources with the goal of paving the way for these novel sources to be used in a variety of applications. This Special Issue covers the latest developments in laser-based ion and electron accelerators; laser-plasma radiation sources; advanced targetry and diagnostic systems for laser-driven particle accelerators; particle beam transport solutions for multidisciplinary applications; ionizing radiation dose map determination; and new approaches to laser–plasma nuclear fusion using high-intensity, short laser pulses.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- spectra of laser accelerated particle beams --- mapping of radiation dose --- GEANT4 simulations --- Monte Carlo simulation --- laser-driven ion acceleration --- imaging plate --- high repetition rate target --- ion acceleration --- laser-plasma interaction --- Thomson parabola --- electromagnetic pulse --- laser electron acceleration --- laser proton acceleration --- high-intensity lasers --- non-destructive testing --- elemental analysis --- petawatt laser --- laser plasma --- laser wakefield acceleration --- compact electron accelerator --- GeV electron beam --- laser-plasma accelerator --- TNSA --- laser-accelerated protons --- magnetic beamline --- Particle Induced X-ray Emission --- laser-produced plasma --- plasma light source --- far-ultraviolet spectroscopy --- Seya-Namioka monochromator --- radiation-hydrodynamics --- collisional-radiative model --- Monte Carlo simulations --- Geant4 --- laser-accelerated ion beams --- proton-boron fusion --- laser-plasma acceleration --- α-particle beam --- spectra of laser accelerated particle beams --- mapping of radiation dose --- GEANT4 simulations --- Monte Carlo simulation --- laser-driven ion acceleration --- imaging plate --- high repetition rate target --- ion acceleration --- laser-plasma interaction --- Thomson parabola --- electromagnetic pulse --- laser electron acceleration --- laser proton acceleration --- high-intensity lasers --- non-destructive testing --- elemental analysis --- petawatt laser --- laser plasma --- laser wakefield acceleration --- compact electron accelerator --- GeV electron beam --- laser-plasma accelerator --- TNSA --- laser-accelerated protons --- magnetic beamline --- Particle Induced X-ray Emission --- laser-produced plasma --- plasma light source --- far-ultraviolet spectroscopy --- Seya-Namioka monochromator --- radiation-hydrodynamics --- collisional-radiative model --- Monte Carlo simulations --- Geant4 --- laser-accelerated ion beams --- proton-boron fusion --- laser-plasma acceleration --- α-particle beam