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Macrophages. --- Macrophages --- Histiocytes --- Mononuclear phagocytes --- Antigen presenting cells --- Connective tissue cells --- Killer cells --- Phagocytes --- Reticulo-endothelial system --- Macrophage --- Macrophages, Monocyte-Derived --- Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages --- Monocyte-Derived Macrophages --- Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages --- Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophage --- Macrophage, Bone Marrow-Derived --- Macrophage, Monocyte-Derived --- Macrophages, Bone Marrow-Derived --- Macrophages, Monocyte Derived --- Monocyte Derived Macrophages --- Monocyte-Derived Macrophage --- Phagocytosis --- Mononuclear Phagocyte System

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Among infectious diseases, viral infections are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the most low-income countries, particularly in young children. Most of the human viruses are all well characterized in terms of structure, life-cycle, tropism, and associated primary pathologies, but many of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying their ability to cause acute infection, persist or reactivate in the host and cause chronic and/or degenerative damage, and still need to be fully clarified. At the same time, it seems necessary to develop novel therapeutic approaches and rationale, and possibly more potent antiviral compounds that are addressed to novel targets.

Medicine --- hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts

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Among infectious diseases, viral infections are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially in the most low-income countries, particularly in young children. Most of the human viruses are all well characterized in terms of structure, life-cycle, tropism, and associated primary pathologies, but many of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying their ability to cause acute infection, persist or reactivate in the host and cause chronic and/or degenerative damage, and still need to be fully clarified. At the same time, it seems necessary to develop novel therapeutic approaches and rationale, and possibly more potent antiviral compounds that are addressed to novel targets.

Medicine --- hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts --- hRSV --- F gene --- G gene --- children --- respiratory diseases --- genotyping --- Saudi Arabia --- α chemokine receptor 4 --- β-chemokine receptor 5 --- human immunodeficiency virus --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- HPV --- sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) --- laboratory methods --- PCR --- genotypes --- surveillance --- epidemiology --- exopolysaccharides --- lactic acid bacteria --- human adenovirus type 5 --- antiviral activity --- cell cycle --- prevalence --- hepatitis B virus --- genotype --- bahrain --- sRAGE --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- warts

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The pestiviruses encompass some of the most economically important viral infections in the cattle, swine, and sheep industries worldwide. Discovered more than 70 years ago, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) were long the main concern, but many new pestiviruses have emerged in recent years, which may also present additional threats to biosecurity and food safety. This issue brings together contributions from multiple disciplines – virology, immunology, veterinary clinical medicine, epidemiology, and pathology – on the subject of BVDV and related pestiviruses, and cover host–virus interactions, virus–cell interactions, cross-species transmission as well as the role of wildlife species as reservoirs of some of the pestiviruses.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Linda virus --- serological profile --- virus neutralization assay --- virus pathogenicity --- humoral immune response --- pestivirus --- pig --- APPV --- phylogenetic analysis --- Italy --- bvdv --- epidemiology --- reindeer --- border disease virus --- Norway --- Pestivirus --- BVDV --- CD46 --- life cell imaging --- attachment --- surface transport --- experimental infection --- natural infection --- pigs --- bovine viral diarrhoea virus --- persistent testicular infection --- prolonged testicular infection --- bovine --- testes --- semen --- wild boar --- ML tree --- Clade --- Bungowannah virus --- pestivirus F --- ruminant infection --- foetus --- porcine --- real-time PCR --- serology --- virology --- bovine viral diarrhea virus --- cytopathic BVDV --- immunosuppression --- lymphocyte apoptosis --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- non-cytopathic BVDV --- Australia --- deer --- prevalence --- ruminants --- serosurveillance --- wildlife disease --- diarrhea --- bovine respiratory disease --- milk production --- somatic cells count (SCC) --- reproductive performance --- BVDV persistent infection --- fetus --- thymus --- immune response --- flavivirus --- reverse genetics --- single round infectious particle --- bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) --- escape mutant --- ERNS --- adaptation --- CRISPR --- knockout --- MDBK --- cell entry --- pestiviruses --- congenital tremor type A-II --- persistent infection --- rangeland beef herds --- northern Australia --- atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) --- viral persistence --- congenital tremor --- swine --- asymptomatic --- genomic sequence --- purifying selection --- bovine pestiviruses --- bovine viral diarrhoea --- vaccination --- control --- diagnosis --- antigenic cross-reactivity --- Linda virus --- serological profile --- virus neutralization assay --- virus pathogenicity --- humoral immune response --- pestivirus --- pig --- APPV --- phylogenetic analysis --- Italy --- bvdv --- epidemiology --- reindeer --- border disease virus --- Norway --- Pestivirus --- BVDV --- CD46 --- life cell imaging --- attachment --- surface transport --- experimental infection --- natural infection --- pigs --- bovine viral diarrhoea virus --- persistent testicular infection --- prolonged testicular infection --- bovine --- testes --- semen --- wild boar --- ML tree --- Clade --- Bungowannah virus --- pestivirus F --- ruminant infection --- foetus --- porcine --- real-time PCR --- serology --- virology --- bovine viral diarrhea virus --- cytopathic BVDV --- immunosuppression --- lymphocyte apoptosis --- monocyte-derived macrophages --- non-cytopathic BVDV --- Australia --- deer --- prevalence --- ruminants --- serosurveillance --- wildlife disease --- diarrhea --- bovine respiratory disease --- milk production --- somatic cells count (SCC) --- reproductive performance --- BVDV persistent infection --- fetus --- thymus --- immune response --- flavivirus --- reverse genetics --- single round infectious particle --- bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) --- escape mutant --- ERNS --- adaptation --- CRISPR --- knockout --- MDBK --- cell entry --- pestiviruses --- congenital tremor type A-II --- persistent infection --- rangeland beef herds --- northern Australia --- atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) --- viral persistence --- congenital tremor --- swine --- asymptomatic --- genomic sequence --- purifying selection --- bovine pestiviruses --- bovine viral diarrhoea --- vaccination --- control --- diagnosis --- antigenic cross-reactivity