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The present paper analyzes the emergence of the modern artistic field as an indicator for the formation of the modern state. The work traces this development by looking at various fields that build on each other both thematically and chronologically. London, as the center of the British Empire, and Berlin, as the emerging metropolis of Prussia, represent two ideal areas for comparison. On the basis of seven selected formations of practice - the art academies, the artist's journey, the exhibition system, art criticism, private art collections, the emergence of the modern art museum, and the funeral ceremonies of famous artists - a comparative cultural history of the emergence of the figure of the artist and the artistic field is sketched.

History --- modern artistic field --- indicator --- formation --- modern state

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Social Sciences --- Political Science --- nations --- modern state --- politics --- political science --- nationalities

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This book presents an answer to the question of why modern legal institutions and the idea of citizenship are important for leading a free life. The majority of views in political and legal philosophy regard the law merely as a useful instrument, employed to render our lives more secure and to enable us to engage in cooperate activities more efficiently. The view developed here defends a non-instrumentalist alternative of why the law matters. It identifies the law as a constitutive feature of our identities as citizens of modern states. The constitutivist argument rests on the (Kantian) assumption that a person's practical identity (its normative self-conception as an agent) is the result of its actions. The law co-constitutes these identities because it maintains the external conditions that are necessary for the actions performed under its authority. Modern legal institutions provide these external prerequisites for achieving a high degree of individual self-constitution and freedom. Only public principles can establish our status as individuals who pursue their life plans and actions as a matter of right and not because others contingently happen to let us do so. The book thereby provides resources for a reply to anarchist challenges to the necessity of legal ordering.

Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Citizenship. --- Effectiveness and validity of law. --- Law --- Jurisprudence --- Validity and effectiveness of law --- International law --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Political science --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Philosophy. --- Law and legislation --- Identity. --- Legality. --- Modern State.

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post-secularism --- secularism --- Europe --- equal liberty --- non-establishment --- religious freedom --- religious pluralism --- deliberative democracy --- theology --- the modern state --- postsecular awareness --- diversity and solidarity --- Charles Taylor --- religion and the European Court of Human Rights --- religious pluralism and secularism --- conscientious objection to same-sex marriage --- politics --- the doctrine of the margin of appreciation --- religions and liberal democracies

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The idea and practice of sacrifice play a profound role in religion, ethics, and politics. In this brief book, philosopher Moshe Halbertal explores the meaning and implications of sacrifice, developing a theory of sacrifice as an offering and examining the relationship between sacrifice, ritual, violence, and love. On Sacrifice also looks at the place of self-sacrifice within ethical life and at the complex role of sacrifice as both a noble and destructive political ideal. In the religious domain, Halbertal argues, sacrifice is an offering, a gift given in the context of a hierarchical relationship. As such it is vulnerable to rejection, a trauma at the root of both ritual and violence. An offering is also an ambiguous gesture torn between a genuine expression of gratitude and love and an instrument of exchange, a tension that haunts the practice of sacrifice. In the moral and political domains, sacrifice is tied to the idea of self-transcendence, in which an individual sacrifices his or her self-interest for the sake of higher values and commitments. While self-sacrifice has great potential moral value, it can also be used to justify the most brutal acts. Halbertal attempts to unravel the relationship between self-sacrifice and violence, arguing that misguided self-sacrifice is far more problematic than exaggerated self-love. In his exploration of the positive and negative dimensions of self-sacrifice, Halbertal also addresses the role of past sacrifice in obligating future generations and in creating a bond for political associations, and considers the function of the modern state as a sacrificial community.

Self-sacrifice. --- Sacrifice. --- Altruism --- Sacrifice --- Burnt offering --- Worship --- Christianity. --- God. --- Jewish life. --- Judaism. --- Paul Kahn. --- Western religious life. --- agent-relative actions. --- attentiveness. --- categorical imperative. --- charity. --- civilians. --- competition. --- cooperation. --- dependency. --- ethical life. --- ethics. --- evolutionary biology. --- exchange. --- general will. --- golden rule. --- heroic sacrifices. --- humans. --- individuals. --- instrumental relationship. --- laws of war. --- love. --- loyalty. --- martyr. --- modern state. --- moral sphere. --- original position. --- other. --- past sacrifice. --- political bond. --- political life. --- political order. --- political violence. --- politics. --- prayer. --- psychoanalysis. --- religion. --- religious life. --- reliigous communities. --- retroactive desecration. --- ritual. --- sacrifice. --- sacrificial community. --- sacrificial system. --- sacrificing for. --- self-interest. --- self-sacrifice. --- self-transcendence. --- self. --- social contract. --- soldiers. --- sovereign. --- state. --- suffering. --- temple worship. --- utilitarianism. --- violence. --- war.