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Perceptual processes mediating recognition, including the recognition of objects and spoken words, is inherently multisensory. This is true in spite of the fact that sensory inputs are segregated in early stages of neuro-sensory encoding. In face-to-face communication, for example, auditory information is processed in the cochlea, encoded in auditory sensory nerve, and processed in lower cortical areas. Eventually, these “sounds” are processed in higher cortical pathways such as the auditory cortex where it is perceived as speech. Likewise, visual information obtained from observing a talker’s articulators is encoded in lower visual pathways. Subsequently, this information undergoes processing in the visual cortex prior to the extraction of articulatory gestures in higher cortical areas associated with speech and language. As language perception unfolds, information garnered from visual articulators interacts with language processing in multiple brain regions. This occurs via visual projections to auditory, language, and multisensory brain regions. The association of auditory and visual speech signals makes the speech signal a highly “configural” percept. An important direction for the field is thus to provide ways to measure the extent to which visual speech information influences auditory processing, and likewise, assess how the unisensory components of the signal combine to form a configural/integrated percept. Numerous behavioral measures such as accuracy (e.g., percent correct, susceptibility to the “McGurk Effect”) and reaction time (RT) have been employed to assess multisensory integration ability in speech perception. On the other hand, neural based measures such as fMRI, EEG and MEG have been employed to examine the locus and or time-course of integration. The purpose of this Research Topic is to find converging behavioral and neural based assessments of audiovisual integration in speech perception. A further aim is to investigate speech recognition ability in normal hearing, hearing-impaired, and aging populations. As such, the purpose is to obtain neural measures from EEG as well as fMRI that shed light on the neural bases of multisensory processes, while connecting them to model based measures of reaction time and accuracy in the behavioral domain. In doing so, we endeavor to gain a more thorough description of the neural bases and mechanisms underlying integration in higher order processes such as speech and language recognition.
Cognitive science. --- Psychology. --- Models of Integration --- Audiovisual speech and aging --- Integration Efficiency --- Multisensory language development --- Visual prediction --- Audiovisual integration --- imaging
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Taking an economic perspective, this edited collection presents a current, comparative picture of the process of cultural integration of immigrants across Europe. It documents the main economic debates on cultural integration, and provides descriptions of the integration process in 7 main European countries.
Immigrants --- Cultural assimilation --- Intégration --- Europe --- Economic integration --- Intégration économique --- Europe -- Economic integration. --- Immigrants -- Cultural assimilation -- Europe. --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Immigration & Emigration --- Economic integration. --- Integration --- 325.2 <4> --- Buitenlandse migratie.--Europa --- 325.2 <4> Buitenlandse migratie.--Europa --- Migration. Refugees --- Sociology of minorities --- Sociology of culture --- Intégration --- Intégration économique --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- Aliens --- immigration --- european models of integration --- economic integration --- integration of immigrants --- cultural integration --- Eastern Europe --- Ethnic group --- Germany --- Second-generation immigrants in the United States --- Switzerland
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