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Model-based reasoning

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This comprehensive book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students pursuing courses in computer science and artificial intelligence. It comprises detailed descriptions of a variety of search methods with examples and illustrations. It begins with simple approaches and progresses to more complex algorithms applied to problems.

Artificial intelligence --- Problem solving --- Heuristic algorithms. --- Search engines. --- Model-based reasoning. --- Data processing.

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An account that analyzes the dynamic reasoning processes implicated in a fundamental problem of creativity in science: how does genuine novelty emerge from existing representations?How do novel scientific concepts arise? In Creating Scientific Concepts, Nancy Nersessian seeks to answer this central but virtually unasked question in the problem of conceptual change. She argues that the popular image of novel concepts and profound insight bursting forth in a blinding flash of inspiration is mistaken. Instead, novel concepts are shown to arise out of the interplay of three factors: an attempt to solve specific problems; the use of conceptual, analytical, and material resources provided by the cognitive-social-cultural context of the problem; and dynamic processes of reasoning that extend ordinary cognition.Focusing on the third factor, Nersessian draws on cognitive science research and historical accounts of scientific practices to show how scientific and ordinary cognition lie on a continuum, and how problem-solving practices in one illuminate practices in the other. Her investigations of scientific practices show conceptual change as deriving from the use of analogies, imagistic representations, and thought experiments, integrated with experimental investigations and mathematical analyses. She presents a view of constructed models as hybrid objects, serving as intermediaries between targets and analogical sources in bootstrapping processes. Extending these results, she argues that these complex cognitive operations and structures are not mere aids to discovery, but that together they constitute a powerful form of reasoning--model-based reasoning--that generates novelty. This new approach to mental modeling and analogy, together with Nersessian's cognitive-historical approach, make Creating Scientific Concepts equally valuable to cognitive science and philosophy of science.

Creative ability in science. --- Model-based reasoning. --- Discoveries in science. --- Breakthroughs, Scientific --- Discoveries, Scientific --- Scientific breakthroughs --- Scientific discoveries --- Scientific creativity --- Creative ability in science --- Research --- Reasoning --- Science --- Methodology --- COGNITIVE SCIENCES/General --- PHILOSOPHY/Philosophy of Science & Technology

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The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the international conference Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Medicine (MBR’06 China), held at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China in July 2006. The presentations given at the conference explored how scientific thinking uses models and explanatory reasoning to produce creative changes in theories and concepts. Some addressed the problem of model-based reasoning in technology, and stressed the issue of technological innovation and medical reasoning. The various contributions of the book are written by interdisciplinary researchers who are active in the area of creative reasoning in science and technology: the most recent results and achievements about the topics above are illustrated in detail in the papers.

Model-based reasoning --- Computational intelligence --- Science --- Intelligence informatique --- Sciences --- Congresses --- Methodology --- Congrès --- Méthodologie --- Computational intelligence -- Congresses. --- Model-based reasoning -- Congresses. --- Science -- Methodology -- Congresses. --- Computer Simulation --- Artificial Intelligence --- Models, Theoretical --- Computing Methodologies --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Information Science --- Computer Science --- Civil Engineering --- Applied Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Mathematics --- Reasoning --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence.

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The book contains 26 scientific contributions by leading experts from Russia, Austria, Italy, Japan and Taiwan. It presents an overview on recent developments in Advanced Dynamics and Model Based Control of Structures and Machines. Main topics are nonlinear control of structures and systems, sensing and actuation, active and passive damping, nano- and micromechanics, vibrations and waves.

Mechatronics -- Congresses. --- Mechatronics. --- Structural control (Engineering) -- Congresses. --- Structural control (Engineering). --- Structural control (Engineering) --- Structural dynamics --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Mechanical Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Civil Engineering --- Dynamics. --- Model-based reasoning. --- Structural dynamics. --- Machinery. --- Machinery --- Machines --- Building dynamics --- Dynamics, Structural --- Structural vibration --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Curious devices --- Engineering. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Mechanical engineering. --- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics. --- Mechanical Engineering. --- Manufactures --- Power (Mechanics) --- Technology --- Mechanical engineering --- Motors --- Power transmission --- Strains and stresses --- Structural analysis (Engineering) --- Reasoning --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Statics --- Mechanics, applied. --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering --- Steam engineering --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Microelectronics --- Microelectromechanical systems