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Architecture --- Modèle. --- Itō, Toyo,
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Library automation --- Alphabetical cataloguing --- FRBR (Conceptual model) --- FRBR (Modèle conceptuel) --- FRBR (Modèle conceptuel)
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Alphabetical cataloguing --- FRBR (Conceptual model) --- FRBR (Modèle conceptuel) --- FRBR (Modèle conceptuel)
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Library automation --- Alphabetical cataloguing --- FRBR (Conceptual model) --- FRBR (Modèle conceptuel) --- FRBR (Modèle conceptuel)
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"The Standard Model and Beyond presents an advanced introduction to the physics and formalism of the standard model and other non-abelian gauge theories. It provides a solid background for understanding supersymmetry, string theory, extra dimensions, dynamical symmetry breaking, and cosmology. The book first reviews calculational techniques in field theory and the status of quantum electrodynamics. It then focuses on global and local symmetries and the construction of non-abelian gauge theories, before explaining the structure and tests of quantum chromodynamics. The book also describes the electroweak interactions and theory, including neutrino masses. The final chapter discusses the motivations for extending the standard model and examines supersymmetry, extended gauge groups, and grand unification. Thoroughly covering gauge field theories, symmetries, and topics beyond the standard model, this text equips readers with the tools to understand the structure and phenomenological consequences of the standard model, to construct extensions, and to perform calculations at tree level. It establishes the necessary background for readers to carry out more advanced research in particle physics."--Publisher's description.
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En 1894, le physicien Albert Michelson affirme : « Il semble probable que la plupart des grands principes sous-jacents [à la physique] ont été fermement établis. » Ainsi, à la fin du XIXe siècle, la physique apparaît achevée, à deux détails près : le rayonnement du corps noir, c'est-à-dire la lumière émise par un corps chauffé, et l'invariance de la vitesse de la lumière dans un prétendu éther. La résolution de ces deux problèmes conduira à la naissance de la physique quantique et de la théorie de la relativité... Rien de moins.L'histoire se répéterait-elle, voire bégaierait-elle, comme le pensait Marx ? Aujourd'hui, les physiciens disposent pour étudier la structure fondamentale de la matière d'un cadre théorique solidement établi : le modèle standard. Le fait est que des myriades d'expériences ont autant aidé à le bâtir qu'à le conforter. Mais quelques « détails » ne le rendent pas entièrement satisfaisant... D'abord, ce modèle standard ne dit rien de 95 % du contenu de l'Univers pour lesquels on doit invoquer de mystérieuses « matière noire » et « énergie sombre ». Ensuite, plusieurs résultats peinent à entrer dans le cadre. Enfin, de grandes questions restent encore sans réponse, comme l'étonnante disparité des masses des particules. Le modèle standard est-il au bord de la rupture ? Les articles de ce numéro tentent de répondre et esquissent des pistes pour aller au-delà sans nécessairement le rendre caduc. Comme la théorie de la relativité a englobé la physique newtonienne sans la chasser.Et l'on peut espérer, avec la physicienne Nathalie Besson, l'avènement d'un nouvel Einstein pour nous indiquer quelle direction prendre.
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Jurisprudence. --- Law --- Logique juridique --- Formalisation (épistémologie) --- Modèle (épistémologie) --- Droit --- Philosophie politique
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The Standard Model of particle physics is an amazingly successful theory describing the fundamental particles and forces of nature. This text, written for a two-semester graduate course on the Standard Model, develops a practical understanding of the theoretical concepts it's built upon, to prepare students to enter research. The author takes a historical approach to demonstrate to students the process of discovery which is often overlooked in other textbooks, presenting quantum field theory and symmetries as the necessary tools for describing and understanding the Standard Model. He develops these tools using a basic understanding of quantum mechanics and classical field theory, such as Maxwell's electrodynamics, before discussing the important role that Noether's theorem and conserved charges play in the theory. Worked examples feature throughout the text, while homework exercises are included for the first five parts, with solutions available online for instructors. Inspired by the author's own teaching experience, suggestions for independent research topics have been provided for the second-half of the course, which students can then present to the rest of the class.
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Determining the nature of matter's smallest constituents as well as the interactions among them is the subject of a branch of fundamental physics called "The Physics of Elementary Particles". It is the subject of this book. During the last decades this field has gone through a phase transition. It culminated in the formulation of a new theoretical scheme, known as "The Standard Model", which brought profound changes in our ways of thinking and understanding nature's fundamental forces. Its agreement with experiment is impressive, to the extent that we should no more talk about "The Standard Model" but instead "The Standard Theory". This new vision is based on geometry, the interactions are required to satisfy a certain geometrical principle. In the physicists' jargon this principle is called "gauge invariance", in mathematics it is a concept of differential geometry. It is the purpose of this book to present and explain this modern viewpoint to a readership of well-motivated undergraduate students. We propose to guide the reader to the more advanced concepts of Gauge Symmetry, Quantum Field Theory and the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking through concrete physical examples. The presentation of the techniques required for Particle Physics is self-contained and the mathematics is kept at the absolutely necessary level. The reader is invited to join the glorious parade of the theoretical advances and experimental discoveries of the last decades which established our current view. Our ambition is to make this fascinating subject accessible to undergraduate students and, hopefully, to motivate them to study it further.
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