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This volume is intended to be the first in a series that will focus on the origin of scriptand the boundaries of non-scribal communication media in proto-literate and literatesocieties. Over the last 30 years, the domain of scribes and bureaucrats has become muchbetter known. Our goal now is to reach below the élite and scribal levels to interface withnon-scribal operations conducted by people of the «middling» sort. Who made thesemarks and to what purpose? Did they serve private or (semi-) official roles in BronzeAge Aegean society? The comparative study of such practices in the contemporary East(Cyprus, Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt) can shed light on sub-elite activities in theAegean and also provide evidence for cultural and economic exchange networks

linguistics --- Script --- non-scribal communication --- media --- bronze age --- Clay --- Common Era --- Crete --- Cylinder seal --- Cypro-Minoan syllabary --- Minoan civilization

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"In 1177 B.C., marauding groups known only as the "Sea Peoples" invaded Egypt. The pharaoh's army and navy managed to defeat them, but the victory so weakened Egypt that it soon slid into decline, as did most of the surrounding civilizations. After centuries of brilliance, the civilized world of the Bronze Age came to an abrupt and cataclysmic end. Kingdoms fell like dominoes over the course of just a few decades. No more Minoans or Mycenaeans. No more Trojans, Hittites, or Babylonians. The thriving economy and cultures of the late second millennium B.C., which had stretched from Greece to Egypt and Mesopotamia, suddenly ceased to exist, along with writing systems, technology, and monumental architecture. But the Sea Peoples alone could not have caused such widespread breakdown. How did it happen? In this major new account of the causes of this "First Dark Ages," Eric Cline tells the gripping story of how the end was brought about by multiple interconnected failures, ranging from invasion and revolt to earthquakes, drought, and the cutting of international trade routes. Bringing to life the vibrant multicultural world of these great civilizations, he draws a sweeping panorama of the empires and globalized peoples of the Late Bronze Age and shows that it was their very interdependence that hastened their dramatic collapse and ushered in a dark age that lasted centuries. A compelling combination of narrative and the latest scholarship, 1177 B.C. sheds new light on the complex ties that gave rise to, and ultimately destroyed, the flourishing civilizations of the Late Bronze Age-and that set the stage for the emergence of classical Greece"--

Sea Peoples. --- Bronze age --- Mediterranean Region --- Civilization. --- Civilization --- Ethnology --- Sea Peoples --- Adad-nirari I. --- Aegean civilizations. --- Akhenaten. --- Alaksandu. --- Alalakh. --- Alashiya. --- Amarna. --- Amenhotep III. --- Ammurapi. --- Amun. --- Amurru (god). --- Ancient Near East. --- Ancient history. --- Archaeology. --- Ashkelon. --- Assyria. --- Babylonia. --- Bronze Age. --- Canaan. --- Carchemish. --- Carl Blegen. --- City-state. --- Clay tablet. --- Climate change. --- Deir el-Bahari. --- Disaster. --- Drought. --- Eastern Mediterranean. --- Egyptians. --- Egyptology. --- Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. --- Epigraphy. --- Famine. --- Geography of Greece. --- Great power. --- Greeks. --- Hatshepsut. --- Hattusa. --- Hazor. --- Hebrews. --- Heinrich Schliemann. --- Hittites. --- Hoard. --- Hurrians. --- Hyksos. --- Iron Age. --- Israelites. --- Kamose. --- Kassites. --- King of Egypt. --- Knossos. --- Kynos. --- Late Bronze Age collapse. --- Mediterranean Sea. --- Megadrought. --- Merneptah. --- Minoan civilization. --- Minoan eruption. --- Minoan pottery. --- Mitanni. --- Mortuary temple. --- Mycenae. --- Mycenaean Civilization. --- Mycenaean Greece. --- Narrative. --- Near East. --- Nefertiti. --- New Kingdom of Egypt. --- Nubia. --- Pharaoh. --- Philistines. --- Phoenicia. --- Pottery. --- Publication. --- Pylos. --- Qatna. --- Ramesses II. --- Suppiluliuma I. --- Suppiluliuma II. --- The Various. --- Thutmose I. --- Thutmose III. --- Tiryns. --- Trade route. --- Trojan War. --- Troy. --- Tudhaliya IV. --- Tudhaliya. --- Tukulti-Ninurta I. --- Tushratta. --- Tutankhamun. --- Ugarit. --- Warfare. --- Washukanni. --- Wilusa. --- Writing. --- Year. --- Yigael Yadin. --- Bronze age. --- Peuples de la Mer. --- To 476. --- Mediterranean Region. --- Méditerranée, Région de la --- History --- Civilisation. --- Histoire