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The earliest scientific studies of Jewish messianism were conducted by the scholars of the Wissenschaft des Judentums school, particularly Heinrich Graetz, the first great Jewish historian of the Jews since Josephus. These researches were invaluable because they utilized primary sources in print and manuscript which had been previously unknown or used only in polemics. The Wissenschaft studies themselves, however, prove to be polemics as well on closer inspection. Among the goals of this group was to demonstrate that Judaism is a rational and logical faith whose legitimacy and historical progress deserve recognition by the nations of Europe. Mystical and messianic beliefs which might undermine this image were presented as aberrations or the result of corrosive foreign influences on the Jews. Gershom Scholem took upon himself the task of returning mysticism and messianism to their rightful central place in the panorama of Jewish thought. Jewish messianism was, for Scholem, a central theme in the philosophy and life of the Jews throughout their history, shaped anew by each generation to fit its specific hopes and needs. Scholem emphasized that this phenomenon was essentially independent of messianic or millenarian trends among other peoples. For example, in discussing messianism in the early modern era Scholem describes a trunk of influence on the Jewish psyche set off by the expulsion from Spain in 1492.

Millennialism --- Messianism --- Millénarisme --- Messianisme --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Millénarisme --- Congrès --- Amillennialism --- Chiliasm --- Millenarianism --- Millennianism --- Postmillennialism --- Premillennialism --- Religion --- Nativistic movements --- Dispensationalism --- Fundamentalism --- Millennium (Eschatology) --- Congresses. --- Religion—Philosophy. --- History. --- Religion. --- Philosophy. --- Modern philosophy. --- Philosophy of Religion. --- History, general. --- Religious Studies, general. --- History of Philosophy. --- Modern Philosophy. --- Modern philosophy --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Religion, Primitive --- Atheism --- Irreligion --- Religions --- Theology --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Political philosophy. --- Political Philosophy. --- Political philosophy --- Millennialism - Europe. --- Messianism - Europe. --- Millennialism - Europe --- Messianism - Europe --- Millenarisme --- Protestants --- Religion juive --- Savonarole (jerome), 1452-1498

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When a monk living at the beginning of the last millennium described Europe ‘cladding itself everywhere in a white mantle of churches’, he precipitated several questions for historians to answer. Was there a surge in church-building at the time? If so, what were the causes of this, and what were the purposes? Does it help to explain our understanding of Romanesque architecture and art? Was there a connection between the ‘white mantle of churches’ and the millennium? Did people believe the world was coming to an end?The supposition of apocalyptic expectations at the time was until recently dismissed as romantic myth, but the arrival of our new millennium has brought a revival in interest in the dawn of the second millennium, and new evidence of millennial fears. Yet millennial studies and architectural history largely continue to follow separate, parallel paths. This book therefore aims to add the architectural evidence to the millennial debate, and to examine this formative period in relation to the evolution of Romanesque architecture and art. As our own millennium gets under way with continuing hesitancy between European aspiration and national identity, it is also of interest to compare our time with the Europe of a thousand years ago.

264 --- 72.033 --- 726.5 --- 726.5 Kerkgebouwen. Kerkarchitectuur --- Kerkgebouwen. Kerkarchitectuur --- 72.033 Bouwstijlen van de Middeleeuwen (ca 476-1492) --- Bouwstijlen van de Middeleeuwen (ca 476-1492) --- 264 Liturgie --- Liturgie --- Liturgy and architecture --- Catholic church buildings --- Millennialism --- Christian art and symbolism --- Architecture religieuse --- Art médiéval --- Middeleeuwse kunst --- Religieuze bouwkunst --- Liturgie et architecture --- Eglises catholiques --- Millénarisme --- Art et symbolisme chrétiens --- Amillennialism --- Chiliasm --- Millenarianism --- Millennianism --- Postmillennialism --- Premillennialism --- Dispensationalism --- Fundamentalism --- Millennium (Eschatology) --- Architecture and liturgy --- Liturgical architecture --- Architecture --- Art, Christian --- Art, Ecclesiastical --- Arts in the church --- Christian symbolism --- Ecclesiastical art --- Symbolism and Christian art --- Religious art --- Symbolism --- Church decoration and ornament --- Churches, Catholic --- Church buildings --- Symbolism in art --- 264 Liturgy --- Liturgy --- Liturgy and architecture - Europe. --- Catholic church buildings - Europe. --- Millennialism - Europe. --- Christian art and symbolism - Europe - Medieval, 500-1500.