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De plus en plus d'études suggèrent que les premières semaines, voire premiers mois de vie, constituent une période cruciale durant laquelle des perturbations de l'établissement du microbiote intestinal pourraient favoriser le développement ultérieur de pathologies intestinales ou systémiques parmi lesquelles l'asthme, l'allergie, l'obésité ou les maladies chroniques inflammatoires de l'intestin. Les oligosaccharides prébiotiques du lait maternel humain (HMOs) sont l'un des principaux constituants du lait maternel, au contraire des laits infantiles qui n'en comprennent que des traces. De nombreuses études démontrent qu'ils sont des acteurs majeurs lorsqu'il s'agit de moduler le microbiote intestinal. Leur présence dans la circulation systémique suggère qu'ils pourraient avoir des effets au-delà de la modulation du microbiote. Le but de ce mémoire est d'étudier les effets des HMOs chez l'enfant allaité et d'étudier si leur absence dans les laits infantiles influe de manière négative sur la santé des nourrissons. Après avoir synthétisé les données de la littérature concernant leurs effets potentiels, nous répondons à deux questions : y a-t-il un intérêt pour l'utilisation des HMOs dans la prévention des pathologies telles que les pathologies allergiques, atopiques et inflammatoires ? Y'aurait-il un intérêt à supplémenter les laits infantiles en HMOs ou en HMO-like et comment pourrait-on le faire ? Many studies suggest that the first months of life are crucial when it comes to establish gut microbiota, any perturbation leading to potential future intestinal or systemic diseases such as asthma, allergy, obesity, or chronic bowel diseases. Prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are one of the major constituents of human milk, yet they are important modulators of gut microbiota. Their localization in the circulation suggests they could have an impact beyond microbiota modulation. The objective of this master thesis is to study the effects of HMOs in breastfed infants and to verify whether their absence in infant formulas could negatively impact infant health. After having reviewed the current literature about their potential benefits, we tried to reply to two different questions: is there an interest for the use of HMOs in the prevention of pathologies such as allergic, atopic, inflammatory diseases ? Is there an interest for supplementation of infant formulas with HMOS or HMO-like oligosaccharides and how could we proceed ?

Oligosaccharides --- Milk, Human

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Milk human --- Supply and distribution --- Milk human --- Supply and distribution

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"An evidence-based reference book : a key resource for decision makers and practitioners. Exploring the multifaceted, multidisciplinary and complex world of breastfeeding, breast milk and lactation. This book provides a factual, scientifically robust overview of the key topics written by leading experts at the heart of breastfeeding and breast milk. It aims to empower decision makers and practitioners with the knowledge required to increase promotion, protection and support for breastfeeding and the use of breast milk. This book is a compilation of evidence-based feature articles covering one of nature's most valuable resources - breast milk"--Back cover.

Breastfeeding --- Breast milk --- Breast Feeding --- Milk, Human

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Breast milk. --- Newborn infants --- Nutrition. --- Milk, Human. --- Breast Feeding

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Infant Food --- Infant, Premature --- Milk, Human --- Antioxidants --- blood --- metabolism