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This illuminating and comprehensive work offers readers a thorough and detailed perspective of brainstem surgery as well as state-of-the-art discussion on the diagnosis and management of related pathologies. Hailing from around the globe and currently practicing in various countries in Asia, Europe, and North America, the expert authors of this work represent a wide range of disciplines and experiences, providing a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of brainstem surgery. Indeed, brainstem pathologies remain the most challenging to manage surgically due to the high eloquence and the deep and hidden location of the brainstem, turning surgical treatment of brainstem pathologies into one of the most complex and demanding fields in neurosurgery. This vital book guides readers through this very complex anatomical territory in which any pathology leads to grave consequences. Taking readers through the depth of the complex architecture of the brainstem in the clinical context, and emphasizing the evidence-based treatment of different brainstem pathologies while also reviewing what the future holds for the management of these pathologies, the book presents a review of state-of-the-art preoperative assessment modalities and surgical. The book covers brainstem-related pathologies from infancy to adulthood, and the text is enriched with diagnostic and surgical images that cover almost all types of brainstem lesions. The book is written in a way that neurosurgery specialists and fellows will feel comfortable navigating throughout its contents, and the enthusiastic neurosurgery resident will find this book to be a valuable guide. A major contribution to the clinical literature, Brainstem Tumors: Diagnosis and Management will also serve as a reference for anyone involved in the treatment of patients suffering from brainstem pathologies, including medical team members such as adult and pediatric neurosurgeons, neurologists, neurooncologists, residents and fellows, clinical neuropsychologists, electrophysiologists, neuroradiologists, and medical students who have a passion to learn about the assessment and surgical management of patients with brainstem diseases.

Neurosurgery. --- Neurology . --- Neurology. --- Brain Stem Neoplasms. --- Neurosurgical Procedures. --- Nerves --- Neurosurgery --- Procedures, Neurosurgical --- Surgical Procedures, Neurologic --- Neurologic Surgical Procedure --- Neurologic Surgical Procedures --- Neurosurgical Procedure --- Procedure, Neurologic Surgical --- Procedure, Neurosurgical --- Procedures, Neurologic Surgical --- Surgical Procedure, Neurologic --- Nervous System --- Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary --- Brain Stem Tumors --- Brainstem Neoplasms --- Brainstem Neoplasms, Primary --- Brainstem Tumors --- Medullary Tumors --- Midbrain Tumors --- Neoplasms, Brain Stem --- Neoplasms, Brainstem --- Neoplasms, Brainstem, Primary --- Neoplasms, Medullary --- Neoplasms, Mesencephalic --- Neoplasms, Midbrain --- Neoplasms, Pontine --- Pontine Tumors --- Primary Brain Stem Neoplasms --- Primary Brainstem Neoplasms --- Medullary Neoplasms --- Mesencephalic Neoplasms --- Midbrain Neoplasms --- Pontine Neoplasms --- Brain Stem Neoplasm --- Brain Stem Tumor --- Brainstem Neoplasm --- Brainstem Neoplasm, Primary --- Brainstem Tumor --- Medullary Neoplasm --- Medullary Tumor --- Mesencephalic Neoplasm --- Midbrain Neoplasm --- Midbrain Tumor --- Neoplasm, Brain Stem --- Neoplasm, Brainstem --- Neoplasm, Medullary --- Neoplasm, Mesencephalic --- Neoplasm, Midbrain --- Neoplasm, Pontine --- Neoplasm, Primary Brainstem --- Neoplasms, Primary Brainstem --- Pontine Neoplasm --- Pontine Tumor --- Primary Brainstem Neoplasm --- Tumor, Brain Stem --- Tumor, Medullary --- Tumor, Midbrain --- Tumor, Pontine --- Tumors, Medullary --- Tumors, Midbrain --- Tumors, Pontine --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Surgery --- surgery --- Diseases --- Brain stem. --- Brainstem --- Brain

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During early ontogeny infant rats show specific responses to a variety of age-dependent threatening situations. When isolated from nest and dam, they emit ultrasonic vocalizations and show decreased reactivity to noxious stimulation, or analgesia. When exposed to an unfamiliar adult male, they become immobile and analgesic. The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is an important area within the circuitry that controls responses to threatening stimuli in the adult. Little is known about the functions of the PAG in early life. It was hypothesized that the PAG mediates the responses to the age-specific threats social isolation and male exposure in the infant rat. Rat pups were lesioned electrolytically either in the lateral or the ventrolateral PAG on postnatal day 7, tested in social isolation on day 10, and exposed to a male on day 14. On day 10 during isolation, ultrasonic vocalizations and isolation-induced analgesia were decreased in both lesion groups. On day 14, male-induced immobility and analgesia were decreased in ventrally lesioned animals. In conclusion, the PAG seems to play a developmentally continuous role in age-specific responses to threat such as ultrasonic vocalization, analgesia, and immobility. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Adult. --- Analgesia. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Area. --- Behavior. --- Control. --- Defensive responses. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Fear. --- Function. --- Group. --- Immobility. --- Infant rats. --- Infant. --- Intrathecal injection. --- Isolation. --- Lesion. --- Lesions. --- Life. --- Male. --- Midbrain periaqueductal gray. --- Midbrain. --- Nest. --- Ontogeny. --- Periaqueductal gray. --- Play. --- Preweanling rats. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Situations. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Stimulation. --- Stimuli. --- Stress. --- Systems. --- Ultrasonic vocalization. --- Vocalization.

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Stress activates endogenous opioids that modulate nociceptive transmission. Exposure to a potentially infanticidal adult male rat suppresses pain-related behaviors in pre-weaning but not in older rats. This male-induced analgesia is mediated by I opioid receptors in the periaqueductal gray, a midbrain structure that is innervated by amygdala projections. To determine whether enkephalin, a l and d opioid receptor agonist, is activated by male exposure, mRNA levels of its precursor, preproenkephalin, were measured in subdivisions of the amygdala and the periaqueductal gray. In 14-day-old but not in 21-day-old rats, 5 min of male exposure induced analgesia to heat and increased preproenkephalin mRNA levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala but not in the periaqueductal gray. The change in the activation of enkephalinergic neurons in the central amygdala may contribute to the change in stress-induced analgesia during early ontogeny. (C) 2002 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Activation. --- Adult. --- Amygdala. --- Analgesia. --- Behavior. --- Brain. --- Central amygdala. --- Endogenous. --- Enkephalin. --- Exposure. --- Expression. --- Heat. --- Hypothalamus. --- Level. --- Male rat. --- Male. --- Midbrain. --- Neurons. --- Neurotensin. --- Nucleus. --- Ontogeny. --- Opioid receptors. --- Opioid. --- Opioids. --- Paraventricular nucleus. --- Periaqueductal gray. --- Proenkephalin messenger-rna. --- Projections. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Stress-induced analgesia. --- Stress. --- Transmission.

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A revelatory tale of how the human brain develops, from conception to birth and beyondBy the time a baby is born, its brain is equipped with billions of intricately crafted neurons wired together through trillions of interconnections to form a compact and breathtakingly efficient supercomputer. Zero to Birth takes you on an extraordinary journey to the very edge of creation, from the moment of an egg’s fertilization through each step of a human brain’s development in the womb—and even a little beyond.As pioneering experimental neurobiologist W. A. Harris guides you through the process of how the brain is built, he takes up the biggest questions that scientists have asked about the developing brain, describing many of the thrilling discoveries that were foundational to our current understanding. He weaves in a remarkable evolutionary story that begins billions of years ago in the Proterozoic eon, when multicellular animals first emerged from single-cell organisms, and reveals how the growth of a fetal brain over nine months reflects the brain’s evolution through the ages. Our brains have much in common with those of other animals, and Harris offers an illuminating look at how comparative animal studies have been crucial to understanding what makes a human brain human.An unforgettable chronicle of one of nature’s greatest achievements, Zero to Birth describes how the brain’s incredible feat of orchestrated growth ensures that every brain is unique, and how breakthroughs at the frontiers of science are helping us to decode many traits that only reveal themselves later in life.

SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience. --- Action potential. --- Agrin. --- Angiogenesis. --- Antibody. --- Apoptosis. --- Astrocyte. --- Axon guidance. --- Axon. --- Blastula. --- Brain asymmetry. --- Broca's area. --- Cancer cell. --- Cell type. --- Cerebral atrophy. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Charles Darwin. --- Chemical synapse. --- Critical period. --- Cyclopamine. --- Degenerative disease. --- Dendrite. --- Down syndrome. --- Ectoderm. --- Embryo. --- Embryology. --- Endocrinology. --- Eric Knudsen. --- Evolution. --- FOXP2. --- Filopodia. --- Forebrain. --- Ganglion cell. --- Gastrulation. --- Gene. --- Growth cone. --- Hans Spemann. --- Hebbian theory. --- Hindbrain. --- Hirschsprung's disease. --- Homeosis. --- Hox gene. --- Human brain. --- Immortalised cell line. --- John Gurdon. --- Lancelot Hogben. --- Lateralization of brain function. --- Marian Diamond. --- Midbrain. --- Model organism. --- Morphogen. --- Motor neuron. --- Muscle. --- Myocyte. --- Nematode. --- Nervous tissue. --- Neural crest. --- Neural development. --- Neural plate. --- Neural stem cell. --- Neural tube defect. --- Neural tube. --- Neuroblast. --- Neuroblastoma. --- Neuroepithelial cell. --- Neuroglia. --- Neuroimaging. --- Neuron doctrine. --- Neuron. --- Organoid. --- Petri dish. --- Progenitor cell. --- Proneural genes. --- Protein. --- Protocadherin. --- Purkinje cell. --- Reeler. --- Reelin. --- Renshaw cell. --- Reticular theory. --- Retinoic acid. --- Roel Nusse. --- Ross Granville Harrison. --- Sarcoma. --- Sonic hedgehog. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Spindle apparatus. --- Stem cell. --- Sydney Brenner. --- Synapsis. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- Thomas Hunt Morgan. --- Thrombospondin. --- Torsten Wiesel. --- Transformation (genetics). --- Twin. --- Vertebrate. --- Visual word form area. --- White blood cell. --- Zygote. --- Brain --- Growth. --- Neuronal Plasticity --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Neuroscience --- SCIENCE / Life Sciences / Developmental Biology --- growth & development --- embryology --- physiology