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The world's mid-ocean ridges form a single, connected global ridge system that is part of every ocean, and is the longest mountain range in the world. Geologically active, mid-ocean ridges are key sites of tectonic movement, intimately involved in seafloor spreading. This coursebook presents a multidisciplinary approach to the science of mid-ocean ridges - essential for a complete understanding of global tectonics and geodynamics. Designed for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, it will also provide a valuable reference for professionals in relevant fields. Background chapters provide a historical introduction and an overview of research techniques, with succeeding chapters covering the structure of the lithosphere and crust, and volcanic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes. A summary and synthesis chapter recaps essential points to consolidate new learning. Accessible to students and professionals working in marine geology, plate tectonics, geophysics, geodynamics, volcanism and oceanography, this is the ideal introduction to a key global phenomenon.

Mid-ocean ridges. --- Plate tectonics. --- Sea-floor spreading.

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Hydrothermal circulation (Oceanography) --- Seawater --- Hydrothermal vents --- Mid-ocean ridges. --- Sea-floor spreading. --- Mathematical models. --- Thermodynamics --- Mathematical models. --- Microbiology.

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The mantle’s interfaces – the core-mantle boundary and the lithosphere – may hold the key to understanding mantle motion, because of the seismic anisotropy present in these parts of the Earth.   This thesis contains a substantive introduction to the structure of the Earth, seismic anisotropy in the core-mantle boundary region and in general, and mid-ocean ridge processes. It also describes novel methods for forward modelling and interpreting shear wave splitting data. Three chapters present timely research into dynamics at divergent plate boundaries and at the core-mantle boundary.   Andy Nowacki presents a precise, but comprehensive review of the current state of the art in studying flow with anisotropy, mineral physics and geodynamics. New measurements of shear wave anisotropy in the lowermost mantle and at mid-ocean ridges are used to constrain mechanisms of creep and melt extraction in the mantle. A model of global flow is used to predict anisotropy in the deep Earth, and novel methods to forward model shear wave splitting are described. Future studies of mantle flow must incorporate the understanding gained in this thesis. .

Plate tectonics. --- Geology, Structural --- Rock deformation --- Mid-ocean ridges --- Core-mantle boundary --- Plate tectonics --- Seismic waves --- Geophysics --- Geology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Geology - General --- Mid-ocean ridges. --- Earth --- Mantle. --- Mid-ocean ridge systems --- Mid-ocean rises --- Mid-oceanic ridges --- Midocean ridges --- Ocean ridges --- Ridges, Mid-ocean --- Ridges, Mid-oceanic --- Ridges, Midoceanic --- Ridges, Ocean --- Rises, Mid-ocean --- Tectonics, Plate --- Earth sciences. --- Geology. --- Structural geology. --- Mineralogy. --- Geophysics. --- Earth Sciences. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Structural Geology. --- Submarine topography --- Geodynamics --- Physical geography. --- Geology, Structural. --- Geotectonics --- Structural geology --- Tectonics (Geology) --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Minerals --- Geography --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics

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In this first full-scale attempt to reconstruct the chemical evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, Heinrich Holland assembles data from a wide spectrum of fields to trace the history of the ocean-atmosphere system. A pioneer in an increasingly important area of scholarship, he presents a comprehensive treatment of knowledge on this subject, provides an extensive bibliography, and outlines problems and approaches for further research.The first four chapters deal with the turbulent first half billion years of Earth history. The next four chapters, devoted largely to the Earth from 3.9 to 0.6 b.y.b.p., demonstrate that changes in the atmosphere and oceans during this period were not dramatic. The last chapter of the book deals with the Phanerozoic Eon; although the isotopic composition of sulfur and strontium in seawater varied greatly during this period of Earth history, the chemical composition of seawater did not.

Atmospheric chemistry. --- Chemical oceanography. --- Molecular evolution. --- Achondrites. --- Albian. --- Aluminum. --- Anhydrite. --- Ankerite. --- Banded iron formations. --- Bicarbonate. --- Biotite. --- Calcite. --- Carbon. --- Carbonate sediments. --- Devonian. --- Diagenesis. --- Dolomitization. --- Evaporites. --- Ferric oxide. --- Graphite. --- Halite. --- Hydrogen. --- Igneous rocks. --- Jasper. --- Jurassic. --- Krypton. --- Lithium. --- Magnesium. --- Marine sediments. --- Metamorphism. --- Mid-ocean ridges. --- Nitric acid. --- North American Platform. --- Organic carbon. --- Oxidation reactions. --- Paleosols. --- Phanerozoic. --- Precambrian. --- Proterozoic. --- Quartz. --- Rare gases. --- Russian Platform. --- Sedimentary rocks. --- Tertiary.