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Droplet microfluidics has dramatically developed in the past decade and has been established as a microfluidic technology that can translate into commercial products. Its rapid development and adoption have relied not only on an efficient stabilizing system (oil and surfactant), but also on a library of modules that can manipulate droplets at a high-throughput. Droplet microfluidics is a vibrant field that keeps evolving, with advances that span technology development and applications. Recent examples include innovative methods to generate droplets, to perform single-cell encapsulation, magnetic extraction, or sorting at an even higher throughput. The trend consists of improving parameters such as robustness, throughput, or ease of use. These developments rely on a firm understanding of the physics and chemistry involved in hydrodynamic flow at a small scale. Finally, droplet microfluidics has played a pivotal role in biological applications, such as single-cell genomics or high-throughput microbial screening, and chemical applications. This Special Issue will showcase all aspects of the exciting field of droplet microfluidics, including, but not limited to, technology development, applications, and open-source systems.

Technology: general issues --- FADS --- emulsification --- droplet coalescence --- enzyme engineering --- synthetic biology --- droplet formation --- phase field model --- interfacial tension --- glass capillary microfluidic device --- fluidic mixer --- air bubble --- 3D printing --- microcapsules --- double-emulsion drops --- osmotic pressure --- ultra-thin-shell --- microfluidics --- droplet array --- microvalve --- droplets --- lock-in detection --- real-time calibration --- homogeneous immunoassay --- on-chip mergers --- pneumatic valves --- programmable droplet formation --- dilutions --- Microfluidics --- drug combinations --- screening --- droplet microfluidics --- sorting --- passive sorting --- photo-tag --- FADS --- emulsification --- droplet coalescence --- enzyme engineering --- synthetic biology --- droplet formation --- phase field model --- interfacial tension --- glass capillary microfluidic device --- fluidic mixer --- air bubble --- 3D printing --- microcapsules --- double-emulsion drops --- osmotic pressure --- ultra-thin-shell --- microfluidics --- droplet array --- microvalve --- droplets --- lock-in detection --- real-time calibration --- homogeneous immunoassay --- on-chip mergers --- pneumatic valves --- programmable droplet formation --- dilutions --- Microfluidics --- drug combinations --- screening --- droplet microfluidics --- sorting --- passive sorting --- photo-tag

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Droplet microfluidics has dramatically developed in the past decade and has been established as a microfluidic technology that can translate into commercial products. Its rapid development and adoption have relied not only on an efficient stabilizing system (oil and surfactant), but also on a library of modules that can manipulate droplets at a high-throughput. Droplet microfluidics is a vibrant field that keeps evolving, with advances that span technology development and applications. Recent examples include innovative methods to generate droplets, to perform single-cell encapsulation, magnetic extraction, or sorting at an even higher throughput. The trend consists of improving parameters such as robustness, throughput, or ease of use. These developments rely on a firm understanding of the physics and chemistry involved in hydrodynamic flow at a small scale. Finally, droplet microfluidics has played a pivotal role in biological applications, such as single-cell genomics or high-throughput microbial screening, and chemical applications. This Special Issue will showcase all aspects of the exciting field of droplet microfluidics, including, but not limited to, technology development, applications, and open-source systems.

FADS --- emulsification --- droplet coalescence --- enzyme engineering --- synthetic biology --- droplet formation --- phase field model --- interfacial tension --- glass capillary microfluidic device --- fluidic mixer --- air bubble --- 3D printing --- microcapsules --- double-emulsion drops --- osmotic pressure --- ultra-thin-shell --- microfluidics --- droplet array --- microvalve --- droplets --- lock-in detection --- real-time calibration --- homogeneous immunoassay --- on-chip mergers --- pneumatic valves --- programmable droplet formation --- dilutions --- Microfluidics --- drug combinations --- screening --- droplet microfluidics --- sorting --- passive sorting --- photo-tag --- n/a

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The development of micro- and nanodevices for blood analysis continues to be a growing interdisciplinary subject that demands the careful integration of different research fields. Following the success of the book “Micro/Nano Devices for Blood Analysis”, we invited more authors from the scientific community to participate in and submit their research for a second volume. Researchers from different areas and backgrounds cooperated actively and submitted high-quality research, focusing on the latest advances and challenges in micro- and nanodevices for diagnostics and blood analysis; micro- and nanofluidics; technologies for flow visualization and diagnosis; biochips, organ-on-a-chip and lab-on-a-chip devices; and their applications to research and industry.

Information technology industries --- blood viscosity --- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) --- T-shaped microfluidic channel --- air-compressed syringe (ACS) --- micro-particle image velocimetry --- viscoelasticity --- microfluidic device --- coflowing streams --- interface --- linear differential equation --- two approximate factors --- dielectrophoresis --- electrophysiological properties --- crossover frequency --- wake or recirculation formation --- dielectric spectra --- air compliance effect --- RBC aggregation --- blood viscoelasticity --- blood velocity fields --- interface in co-flowing streams --- blood flow --- particle tracking --- red blood cells --- manual methods --- automatic methods --- image analysis --- biomicrofluidics --- microfluidics --- blood plasma filtration --- chip extract --- blood molecules --- patient-derived organoids --- colorectal cancer --- 3D model --- drug screening --- diagnostics --- malaria --- optical filters --- reflectance --- spectrophotometry --- TFCalc --- small caliber blood vessel --- composite molding --- micro-nano structure --- tissue repair --- 3D printing --- blood cells --- fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy --- functional group --- lab-on-a-chip --- blood viscosity --- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) --- T-shaped microfluidic channel --- air-compressed syringe (ACS) --- micro-particle image velocimetry --- viscoelasticity --- microfluidic device --- coflowing streams --- interface --- linear differential equation --- two approximate factors --- dielectrophoresis --- electrophysiological properties --- crossover frequency --- wake or recirculation formation --- dielectric spectra --- air compliance effect --- RBC aggregation --- blood viscoelasticity --- blood velocity fields --- interface in co-flowing streams --- blood flow --- particle tracking --- red blood cells --- manual methods --- automatic methods --- image analysis --- biomicrofluidics --- microfluidics --- blood plasma filtration --- chip extract --- blood molecules --- patient-derived organoids --- colorectal cancer --- 3D model --- drug screening --- diagnostics --- malaria --- optical filters --- reflectance --- spectrophotometry --- TFCalc --- small caliber blood vessel --- composite molding --- micro-nano structure --- tissue repair --- 3D printing --- blood cells --- fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy --- functional group --- lab-on-a-chip

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The development of micro- and nanodevices for blood analysis is an interdisciplinary subject that demands the integration of several research fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, chemistry, informatics, optics, electronics, mechanics, and micro/nanotechnologies. Over the last few decades, there has been a notably fast development in the miniaturization of mechanical microdevices, later known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which combine electrical and mechanical components at a microscale level. The integration of microflow and optical components in MEMS microdevices, as well as the development of micropumps and microvalves, have promoted the interest of several research fields dealing with fluid flow and transport phenomena happening in microscale devices. Microfluidic systems have many advantages over their macroscale counterparts, offering the ability to work with small sample volumes, providing good manipulation and control of samples, decreasing reaction times, and allowing parallel operations in one single step. As a consequence, microdevices offer great potential for the development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices, particularly for blood analysis. Moreover, the recent progress in nanotechnology has contributed to its increasing popularity, and has expanded the areas of application of microfluidic devices, including in the manipulation and analysis of flows on the scale of DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles (nanoflows). In this Special Issue, we invited contributions (original research papers, review articles, and brief communications) that focus on the latest advances and challenges in micro- and nanodevices for diagnostics and blood analysis, micro- and nanofluidics, technologies for flow visualization, MEMS, biochips, and lab-on-a-chip devices and their application to research and industry. We hope to provide an opportunity to the engineering and biomedical community to exchange knowledge and information and to bring together researchers who are interested in the general field of MEMS and micro/nanofluidics and, especially, in its applications to biomedical areas.

red blood cells --- n/a --- metastatic potential --- microfluidic devices --- microstructure --- lens-less --- regression analysis --- power-law fluid --- narrow rectangular microchannel --- biomedical coatings --- XTC-YF cells --- red blood cell (RBC) aggregation --- Y-27632 --- finite element method --- POCT --- CEA detection --- immersed boundary method --- suspension --- particle tracking velocimetry --- biomicrofluidics --- computational fluid dynamics --- red blood cells (RBCs) --- modified conventional erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) method --- computational biomechanics --- RBC aggregation index --- microfabrication --- microfluidics --- morphological analysis --- chronic renal disease --- multiple microfluidic channels --- centrifugal microfluidic device --- deformability --- master molder using xurography technique --- fluorescent chemiluminescence --- hydrophobic dish --- pressure-driven flow --- cell deformability --- mechanophenotyping --- separation and sorting techniques --- density medium --- cell adhesion --- polymers --- rheology --- circular microchannel --- blood on chips --- multinucleated cells --- velocity --- cell analysis --- microfluidic chip --- twin-image removal --- cancer --- Lattice–Boltzmann method --- diabetes --- hyperbolic microchannel --- Lattice-Boltzmann method

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Recent advances in microsystems technology and cell culture techniques have led to the development of organ-on-chip microdevices that produce tissue-level functionality, not possible with conventional culture models, by recapitulating natural tissue architecture and microenvironmental cues within microfluidic devices.

n/a --- tissue engineering --- microfluidic device --- ischemia/reperfusion injury --- syringe pump --- liver-on-a-chip --- vacuum chuck --- epithelial–endothelial interface --- vessel branching --- organs-on-chips --- nanogrooves --- passive delivery --- functional neuron imaging --- organ-on-a-chip --- lung epithelial cell --- MEMS --- drug absorption --- strain --- 3D cell culture system --- mechanical cue --- multi-culture --- angiogenesis --- high-throughput screening --- fluoroelastomer --- membranes --- cell culture --- paracellular/transcellular transport --- beating force --- microfabrication --- drug hepatotoxicity --- biomimetic oxidation --- compression --- microfluidics --- surfactant protein --- PDMS --- neuronal cell networks --- neuronal guidance --- trans-epithelial electrical resistance --- spheroid array --- organ-on-a-chip (OOC) --- biomechanics --- cell --- organ-on-chips --- organ-on-chip --- stretch --- shear stress --- shear flow --- image-based screening --- drug metabolism --- vascularization --- human induced pluripotent Stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CM) --- stress --- barrier permeability --- bio-mechanical property --- cardiac 3D tissue --- endothelial cell activation --- organoid --- silicon --- lattice light-sheet microscopy --- integrated pump --- SH-SY5Y cells --- thrombolysis --- 3D cell culture --- neuronal cells --- drug efficacy --- vascularized tumor model --- epithelial-endothelial interface