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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also known as two-dimensional anionic clays, as well as the derived materials, including hybrids, nanocomposites, mixed oxides, and supported metals, have been highlighted as outstanding heterogeneous catalysts with unlimited applications in various processes involving both acid–base (addition, alkylation, acylation, decarboxylation, etc.) and redox (oxidation, reduction, dehydrogenation, etc.) mechanisms. This is mainly due to their flexibility in chemical composition, allowing the fine tuning of the nature of the active sites and the control of the balance between them. Additionally, LDHs display a large anion exchange capacity and the possibility to modify their interlayer space, constraining the size and type of reactants entering in the interlamellar space. Furthermore, their easy and economic synthesis, with high levels of purity and efficiency, at both the laboratory and industrial scales, make LDHs and their derived materials excellent solid catalysts. This Special Issue collects original research papers, reviews, and commentaries focused on the catalytic applications of these remarkable materials.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- layered double hydroxides (LDH) --- polyoxometalates (POM) --- catalytic materials --- Michael addition --- cobalt-based LDHs --- ultrasonic irradiation --- synergistic effect --- photocatalysis --- nitrophenol degradation --- Zn,Al-hydrotalcite --- ZnO dispersed on alumina --- reusability --- layered double hydroxide --- LDH --- catalytic oxidation --- ethanol --- toluene --- VOC --- photocatalysts --- Cu electrodes --- diazo dyes --- electrocatalysts --- layer double hydroxides --- photoelectrochemical degradation --- hydrotalcites --- mixed oxides --- aldol condensation --- basic catalysts --- exfoliation --- nanosheets --- oxidation --- layered double hydroxides --- base catalysts --- epoxide --- formaldehyde --- oxidation removal --- BiOCl --- manganese --- biodiesel --- transesterification --- hydrothermal --- nickel --- aluminum --- solid base --- structured catalyst --- ethanol steam reforming --- aluminum lathe waste strips --- Ni nanoparticle --- mechano-chemical/co-precipitation synthesis --- organic alkalis (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) --- memory effect --- Claisen-Schmidt condensation --- self-cyclohexanone condensation --- n/a

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This Special Issue on carboranes is dedicated to Prof. Alan Welch on the occasion of his retirement and his outstanding contributions to the field of carborane chemistry. Polyhedral carboranes lie at the interface of organic and inorganic chemistry. One of their most attractive and important features is the variety and beauty of their chemical structures. They have found applications as diverse as catalysis, in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, as liquid crystals and as semiconductors. This Special Issue illustrates the very comprehensive world of heteroborane chemistry, from liquid crystals to BNCT agents, di-halogen bonding to quantum chemical calculations of tetrel complexes of the carbonium ylide CB11H11, nickellacarboranes as potential acid–base sensors to revealing how the selective formations of metallacarborane diastereomers can arise and metallacarboranes as function as radical cation salts with dielectric or semiconductor properties.

carboranes --- DFT --- reaction pathways --- boron chemistry --- o-carborane --- sulfa-Michael addition reaction --- cysteine --- boron neutron capture therapy --- o-carborane decapitation --- labeled compound --- 1,1′-bis(o-carborane) --- deboronation --- metalation --- bis(nickelation) --- diastereoisomers --- stereospecific --- boron clusters --- liquid crystals --- fluorescence --- cholesterol --- nido-carborane --- nitrilium derivatives --- nickel(II) half-sandwich complexes --- synthesis --- structure --- Lewis acid --- carborane --- carbonium ylide --- tetrel bond --- quantum chemistry --- electron density --- ELF --- iodo derivatives --- dihalogen bond --- X-ray structure --- quantum chemical calculations --- iron bis(1,2-dicarbollide) --- chromium bis(1,2-dicarbollide) --- tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene --- tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene --- radical-cation salts --- crystal and molecular structure --- electric conductivity --- n/a --- 1,1'-bis(o-carborane)

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This Special Issue on carboranes is dedicated to Prof. Alan Welch on the occasion of his retirement and his outstanding contributions to the field of carborane chemistry. Polyhedral carboranes lie at the interface of organic and inorganic chemistry. One of their most attractive and important features is the variety and beauty of their chemical structures. They have found applications as diverse as catalysis, in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, as liquid crystals and as semiconductors. This Special Issue illustrates the very comprehensive world of heteroborane chemistry, from liquid crystals to BNCT agents, di-halogen bonding to quantum chemical calculations of tetrel complexes of the carbonium ylide CB11H11, nickellacarboranes as potential acid–base sensors to revealing how the selective formations of metallacarborane diastereomers can arise and metallacarboranes as function as radical cation salts with dielectric or semiconductor properties.

Research & information: general --- carboranes --- DFT --- reaction pathways --- boron chemistry --- o-carborane --- sulfa-Michael addition reaction --- cysteine --- boron neutron capture therapy --- o-carborane decapitation --- labeled compound --- 1,1'-bis(o-carborane) --- deboronation --- metalation --- bis(nickelation) --- diastereoisomers --- stereospecific --- boron clusters --- liquid crystals --- fluorescence --- cholesterol --- nido-carborane --- nitrilium derivatives --- nickel(II) half-sandwich complexes --- synthesis --- structure --- Lewis acid --- carborane --- carbonium ylide --- tetrel bond --- quantum chemistry --- electron density --- ELF --- iodo derivatives --- dihalogen bond --- X-ray structure --- quantum chemical calculations --- iron bis(1,2-dicarbollide) --- chromium bis(1,2-dicarbollide) --- tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene --- tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene --- radical-cation salts --- crystal and molecular structure --- electric conductivity --- carboranes --- DFT --- reaction pathways --- boron chemistry --- o-carborane --- sulfa-Michael addition reaction --- cysteine --- boron neutron capture therapy --- o-carborane decapitation --- labeled compound --- 1,1'-bis(o-carborane) --- deboronation --- metalation --- bis(nickelation) --- diastereoisomers --- stereospecific --- boron clusters --- liquid crystals --- fluorescence --- cholesterol --- nido-carborane --- nitrilium derivatives --- nickel(II) half-sandwich complexes --- synthesis --- structure --- Lewis acid --- carborane --- carbonium ylide --- tetrel bond --- quantum chemistry --- electron density --- ELF --- iodo derivatives --- dihalogen bond --- X-ray structure --- quantum chemical calculations --- iron bis(1,2-dicarbollide) --- chromium bis(1,2-dicarbollide) --- tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene --- tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene --- radical-cation salts --- crystal and molecular structure --- electric conductivity

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Thermoresponsive polymers, materials able to undergo sharp and often reversible phase separations in response to temperature stimuli, are introducing new paradigms in different fields, including medicine, advanced separations and oil and gas. In "Advances in Thermoresponsive Polymers", a clear picture of the frontiers reached in the understanding of the mechanistic behavior associated with temperature-induced phase separation, the influence of the polymer structure in regulating the macroscopic behavior of these materials and the latest applications for which thermoresponsive polymers show great potential is provided.

poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) --- glycidyl methacrylate --- thermoresponsive copolymer --- α-chymotrypsin --- polymer-enzyme conjugate nanoparticle --- polymeric nanoparticles --- emulsion polymerization --- RAFT --- thermo-responsive polymers --- smart materials --- LCST --- phase diagram --- phase separation --- thermoresponsive star-shaped polymers --- poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazines and poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazolines --- aqueous solutions --- light scattering --- turbidimetry --- microcalorimetry --- aggregation --- dual-stimuli-responsive materials --- thin films --- out-of-equilibrium --- thermoresponsive --- oligo(ethylene glycol) --- OEGylated --- poly(amino acid) --- ring-opening polymerization --- post-polymerization modification --- Ugi reaction --- synthesis --- star-shaped macromolecules --- calix[n]arene --- block and gradient copolymers of poly-2-alkyl-2-oxazolines --- conformation --- thermoresponsibility --- self-organization --- poly-N-vinylcaprolactam --- thermoresponsive polymers --- polymer-protein conjugates --- controlled release --- temperature-sensitive polymers --- hydrogels --- stereocomplexation --- polylactic acid --- temperature/reduction --- self-recombination --- thermosensitive polymers --- enzyme complexation --- reversible inactivation --- UCST polymers --- stimuli-responsive polymers --- electronic paramagnetic resonance --- spin probe --- nitroxides --- coil to globule --- poly(L-lysine) --- N-isopropylacrylamide --- aza-Michael addition reaction --- thermo-responsive --- pH-responsive --- biodegradable polymer

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Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.

Research & information: general --- catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers' theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation --- catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers' theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation