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Voedingsgewoonten. --- Dranken. Analyse. --- Voedsel. Analyse. --- Aliments. Analyse. --- Boissons. Analyse. --- Habitudes alimentaires. --- Méthylxanthines. --- Methylxanthinen.

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In the present volume of the Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology well known experts describe the actions of different xanthines with a focus on caffeine and theophylline. A special chapter is devoted to theobromine, an active component of chocolate, the actions of which are less well characterized. This book also presents the pharmacology of one xanthine derivative, propentofylline, as an example of a xanthine that has gone through extensive development for a novel therapeutic area.

Methylxanthines -- Therapeutic use. --- Methylxanthines. --- Methylxanthines --- Alkaloids --- Purinones --- Purines --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Xanthines --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Medicine. --- Neurochemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Methyl groups --- Xanthine --- Toxicology. --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Composition --- Toxicology --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Pathology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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Caffeine. --- Acrylic acid. --- Acroleic acid --- Ethylenecarboxylic acid --- Propene acid --- Propenoic acid --- Vinylformic acid --- Alkenes --- Carboxylic acids --- Coffeine --- Dihydrotrimethylpurinedione --- Guaranine --- Methyltheobromine --- Theine --- Trimethyldihydropurinedione --- Trimethyldioxopurine --- Trimethylxanthine --- Coffee --- Methylxanthines --- Tea --- Xanthine

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Oncology. Neoplasms --- Toxicology --- Carcinogenicity Tests. --- Coffee --- Tea --- Xanthines --- Kanker --- Voeding --- Chemische stoffen --- Carcinogen Tests --- Carcinogenesis Tests --- Carcinogenic Activity Tests --- Carcinogenic Potency Tests --- Tumorigenicity Tests --- Carcinogen Test --- Carcinogenesis Test --- Carcinogenic Activity Test --- Carcinogenic Potency Test --- Carcinogenicity Test --- Potency Test, Carcinogenic --- Potency Tests, Carcinogenic --- Test, Carcinogen --- Test, Carcinogenesis --- Test, Carcinogenic Activity --- Test, Carcinogenic Potency --- Test, Carcinogenicity --- Test, Tumorigenicity --- Tests, Carcinogen --- Tests, Carcinogenesis --- Tests, Carcinogenic Activity --- Tests, Carcinogenic Potency --- Tests, Carcinogenicity --- Tests, Tumorigenicity --- Tumorigenicity Test --- Mutagenicity Tests --- adverse effects. --- Cancer --- Alimentation/Nutrition --- Produits chimiques --- Conferences - Meetings --- Mate (Tea) --- Congresses --- Methylxanthines --- Methylglyoxal --- Risk factors --- Carcinogens --- Carcinogenicity Tests --- adverse effects

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This book entitled “Cocoa, Chocolate, and Human Health” presents the most recent findings about cocoa and health in 14 peer-reviewed chapters including nine original contributions and five reviews from cocoa experts around the world. Bioavailability and metabolism of the main cocoa polyphenols, i.e., the flavanols like epicatechin, are presented including metabolites like valerolactones that are formed by the gut microbiome. Many studies, including intervention studies or epidemiological observations, do not focus on single compounds, but on cocoa as a whole. This proves the effectiveness of cocoa as a functional food. A positive influence of cocoa on hearing problems, exercise performance, and metabolic syndrome is discussed with mixed results; the results about exercise performance are contradictive. Evidence shows that cocoa flavanols may modulate some risk factors related to metabolic syndrome such as hypertension and disorders in glucose and lipid metabolism. However, several cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetics were not affected by a flavanol-rich cocoa powder as simultaneous treatment with pharmaceuticals might have negated the effect of cocoa. The putative health-promoting components of cocoa are altered during processing like fermentation, drying, and roasting of cocoa beans. Chocolate, the most popular cocoa product, shows remarkable losses in polyphenols and vitamin E during 18 months of storage.

n/a --- lipids --- theobromine --- colonic bacteria --- ?-glucosidase inhibition --- cacao --- tinnitus --- antioxidant capacity --- metabolomics --- methylxanthines --- lipid status --- physical exercise --- skeletal muscle --- functional volatile compounds --- soluble cocoa products --- blood pressure --- flavanols --- functional food --- classification --- monitoring --- cocoa --- yeast --- quality --- flavanols bioavailability --- fermentation --- cocoa processing --- hearing loss --- Italian chocolate --- chocolate --- (?)-catechin --- extraction and characterization methods --- heath potentials --- CREB --- inflammation --- flavanol-rich cocoa --- behavior --- (?)-epicatechin --- BDNF --- plasma appearance --- flavan-3-ol stereoisomers --- fermentation-related enzymes --- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity --- type 2 diabetes --- CaMKII --- exercise performance --- anti-inflammatory properties --- (+)-catechin --- bioactive compounds --- chiral separation --- plasma --- oxidative stress --- antidiabetic capacity --- polyphenols --- oligopeptides --- urine --- protein–phenol interactions --- postprandial --- working memory --- procyanidins --- simulated gastrointestinal digestion --- cocoa-based ingredients --- one-compartment model --- cocoa beans --- athlete --- biomarkers --- polyphenol --- metabolic syndrome --- nutrition --- bioavailability --- roasting --- glucose metabolism --- cohort study --- plasma nutrikinetics --- pharmacokinetics --- human --- cocoa proteins --- metabolites --- cocoa by-product --- meal --- bioactive peptides --- performance --- liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QToF-MS) --- starter culture --- protein-phenol interactions --- health potentials