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DNA. --- Methyltransferases. --- Metilació --- ADN
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Methyltransferases --- Proteins --- Methylation
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At the junction between genetics and pharmacology, pharmacogenetics is considered as an emerging field. Based on the genetic background of each patient, this discipline tries to explain the variations in drug response. Its interest grows even more with the use of drugs with low therapeutic index. This work on thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TMPT) takes into account those facts. This enzyme is involved in the biotransformation of thiopurinic (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine) both used for their immunosuppressive and cytotoxic properties. The activity of this enzyme can vary between individuals, so that both the therapeutic response and the drug tolerance can be impacted. From the basis of genetics up to guidelines for clinical practice, this work exemplifies how pharmacogenetics can improve healthcare. How is level of TPMT activity detected? Which differences can be found in the response and side effects? How can the dose be adjusted to every single patient. A la frontière entre la génétique et la pharmacologie, la pharmacogénétique est un domaine en pleine expansion. Elle s'intéresse aux gènes de l'individu pour expliquer les variations dans la réponse médicamenteuse. L'intérêt est d'autant plus grand quand il s'agit de médicaments à index thérapeutique étroit.C'est dans cette optique que s'inscrit ce travail sur la thiopurine S-méthyltransférase (TPMT). Cette enzyme intervient dans le métabolisme des médicaments thiopuriniques (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine) utilisés pour leurs propriétés immunosuppressives et cytotoxiques. L'activité de cette enzyme présentant des variations interindividuelles, la réponse thérapeutique et la tolérance au trait,ement peuvent être mises à mal. Depuis les bases de la génétique jusqu'aux recommandations établies pour la pratique clinique, ce mémoire illustre comment la pharmacogénétique permet d'améliorer la pratique des soins de santé.Comment détecte-t-on le niveau d'activité TPMT ? Quelles sont les différences observées en terme de réponse et d'effets indésirables ? Comment adapter la dose à chaque individu ?
Pharmacogenetics --- Methyltransferases --- thiopurine methyltransferase --- Practice Guidelines as Topic
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Enzymology --- Adenosylmethionine --- Methyltransferases --- Proteins --- Structure-activity relationships (Biochemistry) --- Adénosylméthionine --- Méthyltransférases --- Protéines --- Relations structure-activité (Biochimie) --- Conformation --- Adénosylméthionine --- Méthyltransférases --- Protéines --- Relations structure-activité (Biochimie)
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This 2nd edition of the book on DNA methyltransferases has been comprehensively updated to reflect many novel research findings regarding the structure, function, and technology of these enzymes that have emerged over the past 6 years. As the previous edition, this 2nd edition explains the biochemical properties of DNA methyltransferases, describing their structures, mechanisms and biological roles in bacteria, humans and plants. It also discusses the biological processes of reading DNA methylation and the mechanisms of DNA demethylation. This volume highlights the newest findings on DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and their use in cancer therapy as well as the latest epigenome editing systems based on these enzymes. Overall, this 2nd edition comprehensively summarizes the current state of research in the field of DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase and is essential reading for early career and advanced researchers in this exciting field.
Histology. Cytology --- Enzymology --- Human genetics --- medische genetica --- cytologie --- histologie --- enzymen --- DNA. --- Methyltransferases.
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DNA Restriction Enzymes --- Methyltransferases --- Salmonella --- Cloning, Molecular --- metabolism --- isolation & purification --- genetics
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Animal physiology. --- Animal Physiology. --- Animal physiology --- Animals --- Biology --- Anatomy --- Physiology --- Methyltransferases --- Methylases --- Methylferases --- Methylkinases --- Transmethylases --- Transferases --- Transmethylation
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Epigenetics is defined as the study of modifications of the genome, heritable during cell division that does not involve changes in DNA sequences. Up to date, epigenetic modifications involve at least three general mechanisms regulating gene expression: histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).For the past two decades, an explosion in our interest and understanding of epigenetic mechanisms has been seen. This mainly based on the influence that epigenetic alterations have on an amazing number of biological processes, such as gene expression, imprinting, programmed DNA rearrangements, germ line silencing, developmentally cued stem cell division, and overall chromosomal stability and identity.It has become also evident that the constant exposure of living organisms to environment factors affects their genomes through epigenetic mechanisms. Viruses infecting animal cells are thought to play central roles in shaping the epigenetic scenario of infected cells. In this context it has become obvious that knowing the impact that viral infections have on the epigenetic control of their host cells will certainly lead to a better understanding of the interplay viruses have with animal cells.In fact, DNA viruses use host transcription factors as well as epigenetic regulators in such a way that they affect epigenetic control of gene expression that extends to host gene expression. At the same time, animal cells employ mechanisms controlling transcription factors and epigenetic processes, in order to eliminate viral infections. In summary, epigenetic mechanisms are involved in most virus-cell interactions.We now know that some viruses exhibit epigenetic immune evasion mechanisms to survive and propagate in their host; however, there is still much ambiguity over these epigenetic mechanisms of viral immune evasion, and most of the discovered mechanisms are still incomplete. Other animal viruses associated to cancer often deregulate cellular epigenetic mechanisms, silencing cellular tumor-suppressor genes and/or activating either viral or host cell oncogenes. In addition, in several cancers the down-regulation of tumor suppressor protein-coding genes and ncRNAs with growth inhibitory functions, such as miRNAs, have been closely linked to the presence of cell CpG island promoter hypermethylation.The goal of the aforementioned Research Topic is to bring together the key experimental and theoretical research, linking state-of-the-art knowledge about the epigenetic mechanisms involved in animal virus-cell interactions.
Epigenetics. --- Genetics --- DNA Methylation --- NGS technology --- histone modification --- Methyltransferases --- Immune System --- epigenetic --- Interference RNA --- virus --- Oncolytic Virotherapy --- DNase I hypersensitive sites
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DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes --- DNA Methylation --- DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes --- Evolution, Molecular. --- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional --- Nucleic acids --- Nucleosidases. --- DNA --- Methyltransferases. --- Acides nucléiques --- Nucléosidases --- ADN --- Méthyltransférases --- physiology. --- physiology. --- ultrastructure. --- physiology. --- Metabolism. --- Methylation. --- Métabolisme --- Méthylation
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This book reviews the chemical, regulatory, and physiological mechanisms of protein arginine and lysine methyltransferases, as well as nucleic acid methylations and methylating enzymes. Protein and nucleic acid methylation play key and diverse roles in cellular signalling and regulating macromolecular cell functions. Protein arginine and lysine methyltransferases are the predominant enzymes that catalyse S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent methylation of protein substrates. These enzymes catalyse a nucleophilic substitution of a methyl group to an arginine or lysine side chain nitrogen (N) atom. Cells also have additional protein methyltransferases, which target other amino acids in peptidyl side chains or N-termini and C-termini, such as glutamate, glutamine, and histidine. All these protein methyltransferases use a similar mechanism. In contrast, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are substrates for methylating enzymes, which employ various chemical mechanisms to methylate nucleosides at nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and carbon (C) atoms. This book illustrates how, thanks to there ability to expand their repertoire of functions to the modified substrates, protein and nucleic acid methylation processes play a key role in cells.
Methyltransferases --- Nucleic acids --- Methylation. --- Human genetics. --- Nucleic acids. --- Genetic engineering. --- Cytology. --- Human Genetics. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Genetic Engineering. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Designed genetic change --- Engineering, Genetic --- Gene splicing --- Genetic intervention --- Genetic surgery --- Genetic recombination --- Biotechnology --- Transgenic organisms --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Cell biology.
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