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The First Crusade (1095-1101) was the stimulus for a substantial boom in Western historical writing in the first decades of the twelfth century, beginning with the so-called "eyewitness" accounts of the crusade and extending to numerous second-hand treatments in prose and verse. From the time when many of these accounts were first assembled in printed form by Jacques Bongars in the early seventeenth century, and even more so since their collective appearance in the great nineteenth-century compendium of crusade texts, the Recueil des historiens des croisades, narrative histories have come to be regarded as the single most important resource for the academic study of the early crusade movement. But our understanding of these texts is still far from satisfactory. This ground-breaking volume draws together the work of an international team of scholars. It tackles the disjuncture between the study of the crusades and the study of medieval history-writing, setting the agenda for future research into historical narratives about or inspired by crusading. The basic premise that informs all the papers is that narrative accounts of crusades and analogous texts should not be primarily understood as repositories of data that contribute to a reconstruction of events, but as cultural artefacts that can be interrogated from a wide range of theoretical, methodological and thematic perspectives

Crusades --- Croisades --- Sources. --- Historiography. --- Sources --- 1re croisade, 1096-1099 --- Historiographie --- Croisade, 1re, --- --Historiographie --- --Croisades, --- Croisade, 1re, 1096-1099 --- Croisades, 1096-1291 --- Church history --- Middle Ages --- Chivalry --- Crusade Movement. --- Cultural Artefacts. --- First Crusade. --- Historical Narratives. --- Historical Writing. --- Medieval History. --- Medieval Texts. --- Narrative Histories. --- cultural artefacts. --- cultural dialogue. --- medieval Europe. --- medieval historical writing. --- methodological approaches. --- narrative accounts. --- theoretical perspectives.

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This open access book discusses challenges in school improvement research and different methodological approaches that have the potential to foster school improvement research. Research on school improvement and accountability analysis places high demands on a study’s design and method. The potential of combining the depth of case studies with the breath of quantitative measures and analyses in a mixed-methods design seems very promising. Consequently, the focus of the book lies on innovative methodological approaches. The book chapters address design, measurement, and analysis developments as well as theoretical and conceptual developments. The relevance of the research presented in the chapters for educational accountability is discussed in the book’s discussion chapter. More specifically, authors present one specific innovative methodological approach and clarify that approach with a concrete example in the context of school improvement, based on empirical data when possible. In this way, this book helps researchers designing complex useful studies.

Examinations & assessment --- Education --- Organization & management of education --- Assessment, Testing and Evaluation --- Research Methods in Education --- Administration, Organization and Leadership --- Organization and Leadership --- Structure of educational systems --- Accountability and evaluation systems --- School improvement research --- Methodological approaches in school improvement --- Research in accountability --- Mixed-methods design --- Longitudinal methodology --- Conceptualizations of school improvement --- Open Access --- Education: examinations & assessment --- Educational administration & organization --- Administració escolar --- Investigació educativa

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Conflicts about wildlife are usually portrayed and understood as resulting from the negative impacts of wildlife on human livelihoods or property. However, a greater depth of analysis reveals that many instances of human-wildlife conflict are often better understood as people-people conflict, wherein there is a clash of values between different human groups. Understanding Conflicts About Wildlife unites academics and practitioners from across the globe to develop a holistic view of these interactions. It considers the political and social dimensions of ‘human-wildlife conflicts’ alongside effective methodological approaches, and will be of value to academics, conservationists and policy makers.

Human-animal relationships. --- Wildlife management. --- Wildlife conservation. --- Wildlife depredation. --- academics. --- analysis of human wildlife conflicts. --- clash between different human groups. --- conservationists. --- develops holistic view. --- effective methodological approaches. --- human wildlife coexistence. --- human wildlife conflict. --- informative. --- inspiring. --- negative impacts of wildlife on humans. --- people people conflict. --- policy makers. --- raise awareness of human human conflicts. --- volume nine. --- wildlife conflicts.

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The essays brought together in this volume share a common objective: To bring a unifying methodological approach to the analysis of financial problems in developing, open economies. While the primary focus is on contemporary Latin America, the methods employed and the lessons learned are of wider applicability. The papers address the financial integration issue from three different perspectives. In some cases, a country study is the vehicle for an econometric investigation of a particular external linkage. In other cases, an individual country's experience suggests an economic model in which the stylized facts may be analyzed and developed. A third direction is unabashedly theoretical and formulates more general principles which are broadly applicable rather than country-specific.

Capital market --- Debts, External --- Foreign exchange rates --- Finance --- Congresses --- Latin America --- Foreign economic relations --- -Debts, External --- -Finance --- -Foreign exchange rates --- -AA / International- internationaal --- LAM / Latin America - Latijns Amerika - Amérique Latine --- 339.115 --- 336.61 --- 333.600 --- 333.80 --- 332.221 --- 333.841 --- 333.44 --- 333.450 --- Result of the NBER Conference held in Mexico City, 26-27 March 1981 --- NBB congres --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Foreign exchange --- Rates of exchange --- Funding --- Funds --- Economics --- Currency question --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Capital markets --- Market, Capital --- Financial institutions --- Loans --- Money market --- Securities --- Crowding out (Economics) --- Efficient market theory --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC. --- Financieel beleid. --- Financiële markten. Kapitaalmarkten (algemeenheden). --- Geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek. Kapitaalmarkt en -rente: algemeenheden. --- Indexering van de lonen. Glijdende loonschaal. --- Inflatie. --- Monetaire congressen, conferenties en onderzoeken. --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit. --- Rates --- Asociación Latinoamericana de Libre Comercio countries --- Neotropical region --- Neotropics --- New World tropics --- Spanish America --- -Congresses. --- AA / International- internationaal --- Indexering van de lonen. Glijdende loonschaal --- Monetaire congressen, conferenties en onderzoeken --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit --- Financiële markten. Kapitaalmarkten (algemeenheden) --- Geld-, bank- en kredietpolitiek. Kapitaalmarkt en -rente: algemeenheden --- Inflatie --- Financieel beleid --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Congresses. --- Latin American countries --- Monetary policies --- Influence of international capital markets --- E-books --- Cambistry --- Currency exchange --- Exchange, Foreign --- Foreign currency --- Foreign exchange problem --- Foreign money --- Forex --- FX (Finance) --- International exchange --- Currency crises --- Capital market - Latin America - Congresses --- Debts, External - Latin America - Congresses --- Foreign exchange rates - Latin America - Congresses --- Finance - Latin America - Congresses --- Latin America - Foreign economic relations - Congresses --- international, global, capitalism, goods, trade, marketplace, latin america, regional, geographical, problems, essay collection, anthology, analysis, academic, scholarly, research, educational, argument, higher ed, college, university, methodology, methodological, approaches, finance, developing, economy, economics, contemporary, modern, present day, integration, econometric, theoretical, debt, brazil, deficit, mexico, wages, history, historical, inflation.