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Culicidae --- Culicidae --- Vectors --- Vectors --- Vectorborne diseases --- Vectorborne diseases --- Biological control --- Biological control --- Physical control --- Physical control --- Microbial pesticides --- Microbial pesticides --- Beauveria bassiana --- Beauveria bassiana --- Metarhizium anisopliae --- Metarhizium anisopliae

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Culicidae --- Culicidae --- Vectors --- Vectors --- Vectorborne diseases --- Vectorborne diseases --- Biological control --- Biological control --- Microbial pesticides --- Microbial pesticides --- Beauveria bassiana --- Beauveria bassiana --- Metarhizium anisopliae --- Metarhizium anisopliae --- Chemical control --- Chemical control --- Integrated pest management --- Integrated pest management

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Les bio-insecticides ont vu leur popularité augmenter au cours des dernières décennies. Les champignons entomopathogènes font partie des alternatives aux pesticides chimiques. Aspergillus flavus Link et Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) JF Bischoff, Rehner & Humber sont des agents de bio-contrôle dont l’action insecticide a déjà été attestée. C’est pourquoi les effets d’agents fongiques issus de ces organismes ont été évalués sur deux ravageurs de culture, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) et Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris, 1776), ainsi que sur un prédateur de pucerons, Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776). Des formulations de surnageant de culture d’A. flavus (6 concentrations) et de suspensions de spores de M. acridum (10³ à 107 spores/mL) ont été pulvérisées sur A. pisum. Les résultats obtenus n’ont pas permis de déterminer d’effet significatif de ces agents. Ensuite, une étude multitrophique a été réalisée pour assurer la compatibilité des agents potentiels avec les principes de la lutte intégrée. Dès lors, l’effet des spores de M. acridum et d’A. flavus ainsi que le surnageant de ce dernier a été évalué sur des larves de syrphes par contact, ainsi que par ingestion pour les spores d’A. flavus. Aucune différence significative entre les traitements et le témoin n’a pu être mise en évidence, quel que soit la durée d’exposition ou la concentration. Finalement, l’action des spores des deux champignons a été testée sur T.absoluta par le biais de diètes artificielles (de 10³ à 105 spores/mL). M. acridum n’a pas démontré d’effet insecticide significatif durant l’expérience, tandis qu’après 3 jours les traitements à 104 et 105 spores/mL d’A. flavus ont démontré une action insecticide. Enfin, les profils protéiques des surnageants de cultures en biofilm des deux souches ont été comparés qualitativement par électrophorèse 2D et analyse MALDI-TOF-MS-MS. Le faible nombre de protéines identifiées ne permet pas de différencier les profils fongiques comparés. Bioinsecticides have gained popularity in the last decades. Entomopathogenic fungi are one of the alternatives to chemical pesticides. Aspergillus flavus Link and Metarhizium acridum (Driver & Milner) JF Bischoff, Rehner & Humber are bio-control agents of which insecticidal action has already been attested. Therefore the effects of fungal agents from those organisms were assessed on two culture pests, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris, 1776), as well as an aphid predator, Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776). Formulations of culture supernatants (6 concentrations) and spores suspensions (10³ to 107 spores/mL) were pulverized on A. pisum. The results did not enable the assessment of significant effects of these bioagents. A multitrophic study was performed to ensure the compatibility of the potential biocidal agents with integrated pest management principles. Henceforth, spores effect of M. acridum, A. flavus and its supernatant were assessed on syrphid larvae by contact, and also by ingestion for A. flavus spores. No significant difference between control and treatments was highlighted, regardless of the time duration or the tested concentration. Finally, spores actions of both fungi were tested on T. absoluta via artificial diets (from 10³ to105 spores/mL). M. acridum did not show any significant insecticidal effect during the experiment, whereas after 3 days the 104 and 105spores/mL formulation of A. flavus treatments demonstrated an insecticidal effect. Lastly, the proteins profiles of the biofilm cultures supernatants were qualitatively compared by 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-MS-MS analysis. Due to the low level of identified proteins, profiles from both fungal productions could not be differentiated.

Aspergillus flavus --- Metarhizium anisopliae --- spores --- sunageant de culture --- Acyrthociphon pisum --- Episyrphus balteatus --- Tuta absoluta --- champignon entomopathogène --- bio-insecticide --- Aspergillus flavus --- Metarhizium anisopliae --- spores --- culture supernatant --- Acyrthosiphon pisum --- Episyrphus balteatus --- Tuta absoluta --- Entomopathogenic fungus --- bioinsecticide --- Sciences du vivant > Agriculture & agronomie

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Locusts are a threat to agriculture and livelihoods in many countries globally. The economic, social, and environmental consequences of these highly migratory pests are so substantial that they are treated as a national priority by many countries; several international commissions have been established to unite efforts. This Special Issue aims to shed light on some overarching questions: what have we learned from historical outbreaks; how serious is the threat; what research is ongoing and is needed to better manage these insects; how should the world respond to plagues today, especially in the context of climate change; are recommended preventive strategies really effective and what are the constraints to their application; and is there a possibility to make better use of biological alternatives to chemical pesticides?

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- locust swarm --- bio-pesticide --- gregarious locusts --- aggregation behaviour --- linseed oil --- necromones --- aggregation --- density-dependent phase polyphenism --- migration --- night-roosting site choice --- Schistocerca gregaria --- Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål 1775) --- Oriental Migratory Locust Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen 1835) --- spectral analysis --- Kalman filter --- spectral coherence --- convergence cross mapping --- sunspot groups --- ENSO --- SOI --- IOD --- NAO --- locust swarms --- Near East --- Mesopotamia --- swarming potential of resident species --- Schistocerca greraria --- Dociostaurus maroccanus --- control --- impediments --- insecurity --- plague --- surveillance --- war --- proaction --- threshold --- upsurge --- locust plagues --- preventative and reactive programs --- moral agents --- capacity-and-capability model --- social connections model --- responsibility --- global justice --- entomophagy --- malnutrition --- desert locust --- outbreak --- food --- insect --- locust --- grasshopper --- biological control --- Nosema locustae --- application --- epizootics --- West Siberian Plain --- distribution --- dynamics --- population --- population management --- plant protection --- environmental governance --- social variables --- locusts --- social sciences --- ecology --- field monitoring --- outbreaks management --- drone --- unmanned aerial vehicle --- early warning --- preventive control --- biopesticide --- Desert locust --- ecosystem processes --- nutrient cycling --- nutritional value --- brown locust --- Locustana pardalina --- Karoo --- outbreak patterns --- control strategy --- integrated pest management --- Tibet --- high altitude plateau --- invasion route --- survival --- natural barrier --- desert locusts --- crop loss --- pastureland --- land cover --- population dynamics --- management --- insecticide disturbance --- barrier treatment --- spray history --- non-target effects --- Coarctotermes clepsydra --- recovery --- resilience --- preventive strategy --- locust biology --- locust ecology --- Metarhizium acridum --- Metarhizium anisopliae --- Beauveria bassiana --- lethal effect --- sublethal effect --- greenhouse --- field efficacy --- n/a --- Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål 1775)

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Proefschriften --- Thèses --- Scarabaeidae --- Ravageur des plantes --- pests of plants --- Champignon entomopathogène --- Entomogenous fungi --- Nématode entomopathogène --- Entomophilic nematodes --- Lutte biologique --- Biological control --- Steinernema feltiae --- Photorhabdus luminescens --- Metarhizium --- Beauveria --- Paecilomyces --- Belgium --- 595.764 --- 632.7 --- 632.937.11 --- 632.937.14 --- Lamellicornia. Scarabeidae. Dung-beetles. Chafers. Cockchafer (maybug, rookworm). Summer chafer (June bug). Garden chafer (bracken clock). Lucanidae. Stag beetles. Rhinoceros beetles --- Insects injurious to plants --- Invertebrates (other than Insecta). Mites --- Fungi --- Theses --- Sciences and engineering --- biological sciences --- biology --- entomology --- 632.937.14 Fungi --- 632.937.11 Invertebrates (other than Insecta). Mites --- 632.7 Insects injurious to plants --- 595.764 Lamellicornia. Scarabeidae. Dung-beetles. Chafers. Cockchafer (maybug, rookworm). Summer chafer (June bug). Garden chafer (bracken clock). Lucanidae. Stag beetles. Rhinoceros beetles --- entomology. --- Heterorhabditis megidis --- Steinernema glaseri --- Xenorhabdus bovienii --- Xenorhabdus poinarii --- Biological sciences --- Biology --- Entomology.