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On 20 October 2022, the day that Radboud University celebrated its 99th anniversary, Dr. Katalin Karikó received a Radboud honorary doctorate in recognition of her scientific contributions to developing mRNA-based vaccines. This edition includes the laudatio of the honorary supervisor and the speech of the honorary doctor.Karikó spent years researching medical applications of mRNA. Her dream was to develop synthetic mRNA and use this to cure cancer, strokes, and influenza. Eventually, after years of toil, rejection, and criticism from colleagues, she and fellow researcher Drew Weissman demonstrated that it is possible to trigger an immune response in the body with mRNA without the body turning against the mRNA itself. With this breakthrough, a new revolutionary technique was born.Thanks to Karikó's scientific work, BioNTech/Pfizer and Moderna were able to develop the current mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. A prime example of the beneficial impact that fundamental research can eventually have on society. Honorary supervisor Floris Rutjes, Professor in Organic Synthesis: "With courage and determination, she pursued her scientific vision for a very long time, and by doing so, she has ultimately made a significant contribution to the fight against viral diseases."

Messenger RNA. --- mRNA vaccines. --- Messenger RNA vaccines --- Naked RNA vaccines --- RNA vaccines --- Synthetic vaccines --- Informational RNA --- Messenger ribonucleic acid --- mRNA --- Protein transcript --- Protein transcripts --- Template RNA --- RNA --- Karikó, Katalin. --- Karikó, Kati

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Specific complexes of protein and RNA carry out many essential biological functions, including RNA processing, RNA turnover, RNA folding, as well as the translation of genetic information from mRNA into protein sequences. Messenger RNA (mRNA) decay is now emerging as an important control point and a major contributor to gene expression. Continuing identification of the protein factors and cofactors, and mRNA instability elements responsible for mRNA decay allow researchers to build a comprehensive picture of the highly orchestrated processes involved in mRNA decay and its regulation.

Messenger RNA. --- Genetic regulation. --- Eukaryotic cells. --- Nucleases. --- ARN messager --- Régulation génétique --- Cellules eucaryotes --- Régulation génétique --- Eucaryotic cells --- Gene expression --- Gene expression regulation --- Gene regulation --- Informational RNA --- Messenger ribonucleic acid --- mRNA --- Protein transcript --- Protein transcripts --- Template RNA --- Regulation --- Esterases --- Cells --- Protista --- Biosynthesis --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Molecular genetics --- RNA

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Oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland is increased during parturition, stimulated by the uterine contractions that forcefully expel the fetuses. Since oxytocin stimulates further contractions of the uterus, which is exquisitely sensitive to oxytocin at the end of pregnancy, a positive feedback loop is activated. The neural pathway that drives oxytocin neurons via a brainstem relay has been partially characterised, and involves A2 noradrenergic cells in the brainstem. Until close to term the responsiveness of oxytocin neurons is restrained by neuroactive steroid metabolites of progesterone that potentiate GABA inhibitory mechanisms. As parturition approaches, and this inhibition fades as progesterone secretion collapses, a central opioid inhibitory mechanism is activated that restrains the excitation of oxytocin cells by brainstem inputs. This opioid restraint is the predominant damper of oxytocin cells before and during parturition, limiting stimulation by extraneous stimuli, and perhaps facilitating optimal spacing of births and economical use of the store of oxytocin accumulated during pregnancy. During parturition, oxytocin cells increase their basal activity, and hence oxytocin secretion increases. In addition, the oxytocin cells discharge a burst of action potentials as each fetus passes through the birth canal. Each burst causes the secretion of a pulse of oxytocin, which sharply increases uterine tone; these bursts depend upon auto-stimulation by oxytocin released from the dendrites of the magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. With the exception of the opioid mechanism that emerges to restrain oxytocin cell responsiveness, the behavior of oxytocin cells and their inputs in pregnancy and parturition is explicable from the effects of hormones of pregnancy (relaxin, estrogen, progesterone) on pre-existing mechanisms, leading through relative quiescence at term inter alia to net increase in oxytocin storage, and re

Activation. --- Activity. --- Adaptation. --- Allopregnanolone. --- Behavior. --- Birth. --- Brainstem. --- C-fos expression. --- Dendrites. --- Dynorphin. --- Enkephalin. --- Estrogen receptors. --- Estrogen. --- Feedback. --- Fetuses. --- Firing. --- Gaba. --- Gamma-aminobutyric-acid. --- Gland. --- Hormone. --- Hormones. --- Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Inhibition. --- Main olfactory-bulb. --- Mechanisms. --- Messenger-ribonucleic-acid. --- Milk-ejection reflex. --- Neurons in-vitro. --- Neurons. --- Nitric oxide synthase. --- Nitric-oxide synthase. --- Nucleus tractus solitarius. --- Opioid. --- Oxytocin mrna. --- Oxytocin. --- Parturition. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Pituitary. --- Potentials. --- Pregnancy. --- Progesterone-receptor expression. --- Progesterone. --- Rat supraoptic nucleus. --- Response. --- Restraint. --- Review. --- Secretion. --- Steroid metabolites. --- Steroid. --- Stimulation. --- Stimuli. --- Supraoptic nucleus. --- System. --- Time. --- Uterus.

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Molecular biology --- Polymerase chain reaction --- Messenger RNA --- Laboratory manuals --- Analysis --- Acide nucléique --- Nucleic acids --- Analyse quantitative --- Quantitative analysis --- PCR --- Diagnostic de laboratoire --- Laboratory diagnosis --- Électrophorèse --- Electrophoresis --- ADN --- DNA --- ARN --- RNA --- Génie génétique --- genetic engineering --- Biologie moléculaire --- Technique immunoenzymatique --- Immunoenzyme techniques --- -Polymerase chain reaction --- -57.08 --- 577.21 --- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid --- ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assays --- HPLC high performance liquid chromatography --- PCR polymerase chain reaction --- RNA ribonucleic acid --- analytische biochemie --- biochemie --- biologie --- kwantitatieve pcr --- laboratoriumbiologie --- laboratoriumhandboeken --- mRNA --- moleculaire biologie --- nucleïnezuren --- Chain reaction, Polymerase --- PCR (Biochemistry) --- Polymerization --- DNA polymerases --- Informational RNA --- Messenger ribonucleic acid --- Protein transcript --- Protein transcripts --- Template RNA --- -Laboratory manuals --- biologische technieken, experimentele methoden en uitrusting in het algemeen --- Laboratory manuals. --- DNA. --- RNA. --- 57.08 --- Analysis&delete& --- Polymerase chain reaction - Laboratory manuals --- Messenger RNA - Analysis - Laboratory manuals

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Specific complexes of protein and RNA carry out many essential biological functions, including RNA processing, RNA turnover, RNA folding, as well as the translation of genetic information from mRNA into protein sequences. Messenger RNA (mRNA) decay is now emerging as an important control point and a major contributor to gene expression. Continuing identification of the protein factors and cofactors, and mRNA instability elements, responsible for mRNA decay allow researchers to build a comprehensive picture of the highly orchestrated processes involved in mRNA decay and its regulation.