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Le médecin généraliste est de plus en plus en contact avec des patients d'origines diverses. Dans ce contexte, le concept de « compétences culturelles » est souvent cité comme un moyen d'améliorer la prise en charge de ces patients. Le but de ce travail est de définir ce concept et d'analyser ce qu'il peut apporter en médecine générale. Une recherche dans la littérature belge et internationale a été effectuée. Les compétences culturelles peuvent être définies comme un ensemble de connaissances, de savoir-faire et d'attitudes permettant de travailler en contexte interculturel. Les connaissances à acquérir sont des connaissances génériques plutôt que des connaissances spécifiques à certaines cultures : liens entre culture et représentations de la santé, construction des stéréotypes ...Les savoir-faire incluent les techniques de communication, le travail avec des interprètes, des médiateurs interculturels, le travail en réseau quand cela s'avère nécessaire. Une attitude d'écoute, d'ouverture et de prise de conscience de sa propre culture est un pilier important du concept de compétences culturelles. Ce concept présente des limites : il n'existe pas de définition claire, et peu de preuves d'efficacité sur les données de santé. De plus, le fait de se focaliser sur la culture du patient risque de conduire à des stéréotypes et d'occulter les facteurs socio-économiques, qui sont aussi très importants dans une relation de soins.

Mental Competency --- General Practice

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Hypotension. --- Mental Competency. --- Hypotension artérielle.

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Aged --- Interpersonal Relations --- Aged --- Mental Competency --- psychology

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Risky Decision Making in Psychological Disorders provides readers with a detailed examination of how risky decision making is affected by a wide array of individual psychological disorders. The book starts by providing important background information on the construct of risky decision making, the assessment of risky decision making, and the neuroscience behind such decision making. The Iowa Gambling Task, Balloon Analogue Risk Task, and other behavioral measures are covered, as are topics such as test reliability and the pros and cons of utilizing tasks that have strong practice effects. The book then moves into how risky decision making is affected by specific psychological disorders, such as addictive behaviors, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, eating disorders, and more.

Risk-taking (Psychology) --- Mental illness. --- Risk-Taking --- Mental Competency --- Risk behavior --- Risky behavior --- Taking risks --- Human behavior

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This Element examines three related topics in the field of bioethics that arise frequently both in clinical care and in medico-legal settings: capacity, informed consent, and third-party decision-making. All three of these subjects have been shaped significantly by the shift from the paternalistic models of care that dominated medicine in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain prior to the 1960s to the present models that privilege patient autonomy. Each section traces the history of one of these topics and then explores the major ethics issues that arise as these issues are addressed in contemporary clinical practice, paying particular attention to the role that structural factors such as bias and social capital play in their use. In addition, the volume also discusses recent innovations and proposals for reform that may shape these subjects in the future in response both to technological advances and changes in societal priorities.

Informed Consent --- Mental Competency --- Third-Party Consent --- Advance Directives --- ethics --- legislation & jurisprudence --- United States --- Canada --- United Kingdom