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May 2000 - To replace a diesel bus busway operated under a management contract by the state with an electric trolley busway, Sao Paulo State in Brazil designed and implemented a concession to the private sector. According to independent user surveys, service under the concession has been satisfactory. Rebelo and Machado describe how Sao Paulo State granted a 20-year concession for operating a busway, one requirement for which was that the concessionaire replace the diesel bus operation with electric traction (trolleys). This was not a greenfield concession but is probably the only busway concession undertaken so far worldwide. With roughly 16,000 buses fighting their way through heavy traffic under traffic policies geared to automobiles, bus service was slow and unreliable. Then Sao Paulo adopted certain practices aimed at improving bus operations. Between 1983 and 1987, it implemented a segregated trolleybus corridor between Sao Mateus and Jabaquara, to be operated as a private concession regulated by the state of Sao Paulo. The concession was to operate for 20 years but the winning consortium had to invest in only part of the equipment, because part of it was in place. This made things less risky for the private consortium and allowed the state to complete an environmentally friendly project with the help of the private sector. The concession has so far been a success - an example to be followed. After an initial increase, demand for the busway began to fall in 1998 and 1999. This was part of a general decline in demand for the bus system because of: A drop in jobs resulting from the economic slowdown; A growth in the use of automobiles; Competition from illegal buses (vans), which offer door-to-door service. The state was late in completing the aerial network for the trolleyway and rehabilitating sections of the roadway. This delayed replacement of diesel buses by trolleybuses. State representatives indicated it might be better in future to find a mechanism through which the concessionaire instead of the state would undertake infrastructure works and would also handle administration of integration terminals. This paper - a product of the Finance, Private Sector, and Infrastructure Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to promote private sector operation and investment in transport. Jorge Rebelo may be contacted at jrebelo@worldbank.org.

Automobile --- Bus --- Bus Lanes --- Bus Operation --- Bus Trips --- Diesel --- Diesel Bus --- Intersections --- Means Of Transport --- Metro Trips --- Passengers --- Road --- Traffic --- Transport --- Transport Activity --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Trips --- Trolleybuses --- Urban Transport --- Vehicle --- Walking --- Walking Trips

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Based on extensive data collection in Uganda, this paper demonstrates that the rural access index, as defined today, should not be a government objective because the benefit of such investment is minimal, whereas achieving rural accessibility at less than 2 kilometers would require massive investments that are not sustainable. Taking into account the fact that plot size is limited on average to less than 1 hectare, a farmer's transport requirement is usually minimal and does not necessarily involve massive investments in infrastructure. This is because most farmers cannot fully load a truck or pay for this service and, even if productivity were to increase significantly, the production threshold would not be reached by most individual farmers. Therefore, in terms of public policy, maintenance of the existing rural roads rather than opening new roads should be given priority; the district feeder road allocation maintenance formula should be revised to take into account economic potential and, finally, policy makers should devote their attention to innovative marketing models from other countries where smallholder loads are consolidated through private-based consolidators.

Access roads --- Accessibility --- Affordable transport --- Means of transport --- Mode of transport --- Modes of transport --- Population density --- Road --- Road building --- Road conditions --- Road improvement --- Road network --- Road quality --- Roads --- Rural infrastructure --- Rural roads --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transportation --- Transportation costs --- Travel time