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Behavior. --- Growth. --- Maternal separation. --- Maternal. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Separation.

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Acth. --- Behaviour. --- Corticosterone. --- Corticotropin-releasing hormone. --- Early experience. --- Events. --- Handling. --- Hormonal responses. --- Hormonal. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. --- Maternal separation. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Stressor. --- Stressors.

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This study investigated the role of maternal behavior on the long-term effects of postnatal manipulation (15 min of daily separation from the dam and exposure to clean bedding from Day 1 to Day 14 of postnatal life) on emotionality in the mouse. Mothers were treated with an antianxiety agent (Chlordiazepoxide: 5 mg/kg), daily upon removal of the litter from the nest. Emotionality in adult offspring was tested in the elevated plus maze. Mice manipulated during postnatal development were more explorative and less anxious than unhandled mice, but this effect was not observable in the offspring of Chlordiazepoxide-treated dams. No effect of maternal Chlordiazepoxide was observed in unhandled offspring. The pharmacological treatment of the mother did not affect either pups' ultrasonic calling during separation, or maternal behavior far apart from the daily manipulation sessions. By contrast, Chlordiazepoxide-treated dams were less responsive toward pups upon reunion following daily separation. This alteration of dams' behavior was not related to alterations in the amount of ultrasonic calls emitted by pups during reunion. Finally, when dams were daily injected with Chlordiazepoxide far apart from pups' removal, the pharmacological treatment was devoid of effects. These results support the view that the mother-infant interaction which follows separation plays a major role in determining the effects of postnatal manipulations on adult emotionality.

Adult. --- Bedding. --- Behavior. --- Chloradiazepoxide. --- Development. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Emotionality. --- Exposure. --- Interaction. --- Life. --- Long-term. --- Maternal behavior. --- Maternal behaviour. --- Maternal separation. --- Maternal-behavior. --- Maternal. --- Mice. --- Mother. --- Mouse. --- Nest. --- Play. --- Postnatal-development. --- Pups. --- Separation. --- Stress. --- Treatment. --- Ultrasonic calls. --- Ultrasound.

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Behavioural responses to psychostimulant drugs can be profoundly affected by early environmental influences. The aim of this study was to describe the effects of repeated brief separations of rat pups from their dams during the early neonatal period on cocaine self-administration behaviour as adults. Lister hooded rats exposed to a repeated maternal separation procedure (REMS) showed altered acquisition and maintenance of cocaine self-administration as adults, the effects being dose and gender-dependent. Overall, the patterns of acquisition of self-administration across three doses of cocaine (0.05, 0.08 and 0.5 mg/injection) suggested a rightward shift in the acquisition dose-effect functions for the REMS animals relative to control animals. At 0.05 mg/injection, there was a retarded acquisition of cocaine self-administration in male and female neonatally separated rats. At 0.08 mg/injection there was a facilitated acquisition in female neonatally separated subjects. After establishment of stable self-administration of the training dose, in the same cohort of subjects, rightward and downward shifts in the cocaine self-administration dose-effect functions were determined for female and male REMS subjects, respectively, relative to their controls. The dose-effect function for both female groups was shifted to the left of that of the respective male groups, although the lighter body weights of the females meant that they administered a higher unit dose per unit body weight than the males. Whereas male REMS subjects tended to self-administer less cocaine than the controls at the dose eliciting maximal responding (0.03 mg/injection) and to make fewer lever responses overall at each dose tested, female REMS subjects self-administered significantly more cocaine than their respective controls at a dose of 0.03 mg/injection. There was no differential sensitivity to the rate-altering effects of the selective dopamine D-2 receptor antagonist, eticlopride, or to the selecti

Acquisition. --- Adult rats. --- Adult-rat. --- Adult-rats. --- Adult. --- Alters. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cocaine. --- Control. --- Corticotropin-releasing factor. --- D-amphetamine. --- D2 receptor. --- Different schedules. --- Dopamine-receptors. --- Dopamine. --- Drug. --- Drugs. --- Early environment. --- Environment. --- Eticlopride. --- Female. --- Females. --- Function. --- Group. --- Individual vulnerability. --- Intravenous self-administration. --- Isolation rearing. --- Isolation. --- Locomotor response. --- Maintenance. --- Male. --- Males. --- Maternal separation. --- Maternal. --- Mesolimbic dopamine. --- Messenger-rna. --- Neonatal. --- Nucleus-accumbens. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Pituitary-adrenal responses. --- Post weaning. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Rearing. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Reward. --- Sch 23390. --- Sensitivity. --- Separation. --- Stress. --- Time. --- Training. --- Weight.

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The present study investigated the effects of post-weaning social isolation (SI) on behavioural and neuroendocrine reactivity to stress of male and female rats. Innate aspects of fear and anxiety were assessed in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Spontaneous startle reflex and conditioned fear response were further investigated. The neuroendocrine response of isolates was examined by measuring basal and stress release of ACTH and corticosterone and by evaluating the mRNA expression of mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors using in situ hybridization. Locomotor activity in the open field was not modified by chronic SI. In males, but not females, SI produced an anxiogenic profile in the elevated plus maze. Male isolates showed a trend towards increased startle reflex amplitude relative to socially-reared controls. Moreover, SI in males produced alterations of the HPA axis functioning as reflected by higher basal levels of ACTH, and enhanced release of ACTH and corticosterone following stress. In contrast, startle response or HPA axis functioning were not altered in female isolates. Social isolates from both genders showed reduced contextual fear-conditioning. Finally, the mRNA expression of MR and GR was not modified by SI. The results of the present study suggest that chronic SI increases emotional reactivity to stress and produces a hyperfunction of the HPA axis in adult rats, particularly in males. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Acoustic startle response. --- Acth. --- Activity. --- Adult rats. --- Adult-rat. --- Adult-rats. --- Adult. --- Anxiety. --- Conditioned fear. --- Control. --- Corticosterone. --- Differentially reared rats. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Elevated plus-maze. --- Emotional reactivity. --- Expression. --- Fear. --- Female rats. --- Female. --- Females. --- Field. --- Gender. --- Glucocorticoid receptors. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Hpa axis. --- Hybridization. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Innate. --- Isolation. --- Latent inhibition. --- Level. --- Locomotor activity. --- Locomotor-activity. --- Male lewis. --- Male. --- Males. --- Maternal separation. --- Mineralocorticoid receptors. --- Neuroendocrine. --- Open field. --- Open-field. --- Post weaning. --- Prepulse inhibition. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Reflex. --- Release. --- Response. --- Social isolation. --- Social-isolation. --- Social. --- Sprague-dawley. --- Startle. --- Strain differences. --- Stress. --- Switzerland. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time.