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Gerbil. --- Gerbils. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-care. --- Reproduction. --- Time.

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Care. --- Glucocorticoid receptors. --- Glucocorticoid. --- Hippocampal. --- Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Rat. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Stress.

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Motherhood --- Mothers --- Motherhood. --- Maternal Behavior. --- Mother-Child Relations. --- Mother-Child Interaction --- Mother-Child Relationship --- Mother-Infant Interaction --- Mother-Infant Relations --- Interaction, Mother-Child --- Interaction, Mother-Infant --- Interactions, Mother-Child --- Interactions, Mother-Infant --- Mother Child Interaction --- Mother Child Relations --- Mother Child Relationship --- Mother Infant Interaction --- Mother Infant Relations --- Mother-Child Interactions --- Mother-Child Relation --- Mother-Child Relationships --- Mother-Infant Interactions --- Mother-Infant Relation --- Relation, Mother-Child --- Relation, Mother-Infant --- Relations, Mother-Child --- Relations, Mother-Infant --- Relationship, Mother-Child --- Relationships, Mother-Child --- Maternal Care Patterns --- Maternal Patterns of Care --- Behavior, Maternal --- Behaviors, Maternal --- Care Pattern, Maternal --- Care Patterns, Maternal --- Maternal Behaviors --- Maternal Care Pattern --- Pattern, Maternal Care --- Patterns, Maternal Care --- Maternity --- Parenthood --- Moms --- Parents --- Women --- Housewives --- Pregnant women --- Psychology --- Behavior --- Political aspects --- Social conditions --- Political aspects. --- Psychology. --- Social conditions.

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Maternal care in the rat influences the development of cognitive function in the offspring through neural systems known to mediate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. The offspring of mothers that exhibit increased levels of pup licking/grooming (high-LG mothers) show increased hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subunit mRNA expression, enhanced synaptogenesis and improved hippocampal-dependent spatial learning in comparison with animals reared by low-LG mothers. The effects of reduced maternal care on cognitive function are reversed with peripubertal environmental enrichment; however, the neural mechanisms mediating this effect are not known. In these studies we exposed the offspring of high- and low-LG mothers to environmental enrichment from days 22 to 70 of life, and measured the expression of genes encoding for glutamate receptor subunits and synaptophysin expression as a measure of synaptic density. Environmental enrichment reversed the effects of maternal care on synaptic density and this effect was, in turn, associated with a reversal of the effect of maternal care on the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor, as well as effects on (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits. Finally, direct infusion of an NR2B-specific NMIDA receptor antagonist into the hippocampus eliminated the effects of maternal care on spatial learning/memory in the Morris water maze. These findings suggest that: (1) the effects of maternal care are mediated by changes in NR2B gene expression; and (2) that environmental enrichment reverses the effects of reduced maternal care through the same genomic target, the NR2B gene, and possibly effects on other subunits of the NMIDA and AMPA receptors

Aged rats. --- Ampa receptors. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Care. --- Cognitive function. --- Density. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Gene-expression. --- Gene. --- Genes. --- Glutamate receptors. --- Glutamate. --- Hippocampal. --- Hippocampus. --- Immediate-early gene. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Life. --- Long-term potentiation. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Mechanisms. --- Memory consolidation. --- Messenger-rna. --- Morris water maze. --- Mother. --- Mothers. --- Neural systems. --- Nmda receptor. --- Plasticity. --- Rat hippocampus. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Spatial learning. --- Spatial memory. --- Spatial. --- Synaptic plasticity. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time. --- Water maze.

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Understanding a species' behaviour in natural conditions can give insights into its development, responses and welfare in captivity. Here, we review research and pest control literatures on the free-living house mouse (Mus musculus), analysing its sensory world, developmental processes and behaviour to suggest how laboratory environments might affect mouse welfare, normalcy, test design, and behaviour. Mouse development from foetus to weaning is influenced by prenatal stress and nutrient levels, and post-natal litter size and other factors affecting maternal care, all with lasting effects on adult bodyweight, aggression, activity levels, stress responsiveness and masculinisation. These influences may well be important in the laboratory, for example unwittingly differing between facilities leading to site-differences in phenotype. Murine senses are dominated by olfactory, auditory and tactile cues. Their hearing extends into the ultrasonic, and vision, from mid-range wavelengths to the ultraviolet. In mouse facilities, behaviour and welfare may therefore also be affected by sensory stimuli unnoticed by humans. The physical and social environment and behaviour of wild mice differ greatly from those of laboratory mice. Dispersal age varies with resource-levels and social cues, and mice often either live alone or in family groups. Mice occupy territories/ranges measuring a few square meters to several square kilometers, and which allow running, climbing, and buff owing. Mice are often active during dawn/dusk, and spend their time patrolling their territories, investigating neighbours' odour cues, foraging, finding mates and rearing litters. The potential impact of these many differences and restrictions on laboratory mouse development, normalcy and welfare has only begun to be explored. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Activity. --- Adult. --- Age. --- Aggression. --- Anogenital distance. --- Auditory. --- Barrel cortex. --- Behaviour. --- Biology. --- Boxes. --- Captivity. --- Care. --- Control. --- Cues. --- Design. --- Development. --- Dispersal. --- Domesticus rutty. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Female mice. --- Foetus. --- Foraging. --- Group. --- Hearing. --- House mouse. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Intrauterine position. --- Island population. --- Laboratory environment. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory mouse. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Litter size. --- Major urinary proteins. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-behavior. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Mice. --- Mouse. --- Mus musculus. --- Mus-musculus. --- Musculus. --- Natural. --- Odour. --- Olfactory. --- Parental care. --- Physical. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Rearing. --- Research. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Restriction. --- Review. --- Senses. --- Sensory biology. --- Sensory. --- Size. --- Social environment. --- Social. --- Standardisation. --- Stimuli. --- Stress. --- Territories. --- Territory. --- Test. --- Time. --- Vary. --- Vision. --- Weaning. --- Welfare. --- Wild.