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This paper leverages quasi-experimental variation in increased access to basic formal education, introduced by a large-scale school construction program in Indonesia in the 1970s, to quantify the benefits to the children of women targeted by the program. Novel and rich data allow the analysis of a range of health, cognitive and socio-emotional development outcomes for children ages 6 to 8 in 2013. The paper finds that increased maternal access to schooling has positive and multidimensional effects on children. The effects are particularly salient at the bottom of the distributions of outcomes. Drawing on insights from economics, psychology, and sociology, the paper examines pathways for these impacts. Evidence suggests that mothers who were exposed to more schooling opportunities during childhood demonstrate less hostility toward their children when parenting and also invest more in their children's preschool education.

Adult Outreach --- Child Outcomes --- Education --- Effective Schools and Teachers --- Human Capital --- Lifelong Learning --- Maternal Education --- Parenting --- School Construction

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Female education levels are very low in many developing countries. Does maternal education have a causal impact on children's educational outcomes even at these very low levels of education? By combining a nationwide census of schools in Pakistan with household data, the authors use the availability of girls' schools in the mother's birth village as an instrument for maternal schooling to address this issue. Since public schools in Pakistan are segregated by gender, the instrument affects only maternal education rather than the education levels of both mothers and fathers. The analysis finds that children of mothers with some education spend 75 minutes more on educational activities at home compared with children whose mothers report no education at all. Mothers with some education also spend more time helping their children with school work; the effect is stronger (an extra 40 minutes per day) in families where the mother is likely the primary care-giver. Finally, test scores for children whose mothers have some education are higher in English, Urdu (the vernacular), and mathematics by 0.24-0.35 standard deviations. There is no relationship between maternal education and mother's time spent on paid work or housework - a posited channel through which education affects bargaining power within the household. And there is no relationship between maternal education and the mother's role in educational decisions or in the provision of other child-specific goods, such as expenditures on pocket money, uniforms, and tuition. The data therefore suggest that at these very low levels of education, maternal education does not substantially affect a mother's bargaining power within the household. Instead, maternal education could directly increase the mother's productivity or affect her preferences toward children's education in a context where her bargaining power is low.

Access and Equity in Basic Education --- Benefits of education --- Early Childhood Development --- Educated mothers --- Education --- Education for All --- Educational activities --- Educational attainment --- Educational outcomes --- Female education --- Learning --- Learning environment --- Learning outcomes --- Low levels of education --- Maternal Education --- Older children --- Primary data --- Primary Education --- Primary schooling --- Public schools --- Reading --- School hours --- Schooling --- Schools --- Youth and Government

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For beginning and seasoned speech-language pathologists and others in regular and special education who work with students demonstrating oral and written language problems, this book provides goals and materials to hone your experience with the various language pathways and improve your practice skills.

Language acquisition. --- Lexicology. --- Literacy. --- Phonetics. --- Psycholinguistics. --- Language acquisition --- Literacy --- Communication Disorders --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Child Development --- Allied Health Occupations --- Human Development --- Population Characteristics --- Health Occupations --- Neurobehavioral Manifestations --- Neurologic Manifestations --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms --- Health Care --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Signs and Symptoms --- Nervous System Diseases --- Diseases --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Language Disorders --- Educational Status --- Speech-Language Pathology --- Language Development --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Language Acquisition --- Acquisition, Language --- Development, Language --- Psycholinguistics --- Pathology, Language --- Pathology, Speech --- Pathology, Speech-Language --- Language Pathology --- Speech Pathology --- Pathology, Speech Language --- Speech Language Pathology --- Achievement, Educational --- Educational Status, Maternal --- Educational Status, Paternal --- Maternal Educational Status --- Paternal Educational Status --- Status, Educational --- Educational Achievement --- Achievements, Educational --- Educational Achievements --- Status, Maternal Educational --- Status, Paternal Educational --- Acquired Language Disorders --- Language Disorders, Acquired --- Acquired Language Disorder --- Language Disorder --- Language Disorder, Acquired --- Speech Disorders --- Verbal Behavior --- Verbal Learning --- Symptoms and General Pathology --- Nervous System Disorders --- Neurological Disorders --- Neurologic Disorders --- Disease, Nervous System --- Diseases, Nervous System --- Disorder, Nervous System --- Disorder, Neurologic --- Disorder, Neurological --- Disorders, Nervous System --- Disorders, Neurologic --- Disorders, Neurological --- Nervous System Disease --- Nervous System Disorder --- Neurologic Disorder --- Neurological Disorder --- Neurology --- Symptoms and Signs --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Behavior And Behavior Mechanism --- Infant Development --- Development, Child --- Development, Infant --- Psychology, Child --- Growth --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Acquired Communication Disorders --- Childhood Communication Disorders --- Communication Disabilities --- Communication Disorders, Childhood --- Communication Disorders, Developmental --- Communication Disorders, Neurogenic --- Communicative Disorders --- Communicative Dysfunction --- Developmental Communication Disorders --- Neurogenic Communication Disorders --- Acquired Communication Disorder --- Childhood Communication Disorder --- Communication Disability --- Communication Disorder --- Communication Disorder, Acquired --- Communication Disorder, Childhood --- Communication Disorder, Developmental --- Communication Disorder, Neurogenic --- Communication Disorders, Acquired --- Communicative Disorder --- Communicative Dysfunctions --- Developmental Communication Disorder --- Disabilities, Communication --- Disability, Communication --- Dysfunction, Communicative --- Dysfunctions, Communicative --- Neurogenic Communication Disorder --- Illiteracy --- Education --- General education --- Acquisition of language --- Developmental linguistics --- Developmental psycholinguistics --- Language and languages --- Language development in children --- Psycholinguistics, Developmental --- Interpersonal communication in children --- Occupations, Allied Health --- Allied Health Occupation --- Occupation, Allied Health --- Focal Neurologic Deficits --- Manifestations, Neurologic --- Manifestations, Neurological --- Neurologic Dysfunction --- Neurologic Findings --- Neurologic Manifestation --- Neurologic Signs --- Neurologic Symptoms --- Neurological Manifestations --- Neurologic Deficits --- Neurologic Signs and Symptoms --- Deficit, Focal Neurologic --- Deficit, Neurologic --- Deficits, Focal Neurologic --- Deficits, Neurologic --- Dysfunction, Neurologic --- Dysfunctions, Neurologic --- Finding, Neurologic --- Findings, Neurologic --- Focal Neurologic Deficit --- Manifestation, Neurologic --- Manifestation, Neurological --- Neurologic Deficit --- Neurologic Deficit, Focal --- Neurologic Deficits, Focal --- Neurologic Dysfunctions --- Neurologic Finding --- Neurologic Sign --- Neurologic Symptom --- Neurological Manifestation --- Sign, Neurologic --- Signs, Neurologic --- Symptom, Neurologic --- Symptoms, Neurologic --- Nervous System --- Cognitive Manifestations --- Neurobehavioral Signs and Symptoms --- Cognitive Symptoms --- Signs and Symptoms, Neurobehavioral --- Cognitive Manifestation --- Cognitive Symptom --- Manifestation, Cognitive --- Manifestation, Neurobehavioral --- Manifestations, Cognitive --- Manifestations, Neurobehavioral --- Neurobehavioral Manifestation --- Symptom, Cognitive --- Symptoms, Cognitive --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Occupations --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Development, Human --- Humans --- Psychology, Developmental --- Acquisition --- Education Level --- Educational Attainment --- Educational Level --- Level of Education --- Maternal Education Level --- Maternal Educational Attainment --- Maternal Educational Level --- Paternal Education Level --- Paternal Educational Attainment --- Paternal Educational Level --- Attainment, Educational --- Attainment, Maternal Educational --- Attainment, Paternal Educational --- Education Level, Maternal --- Education Level, Paternal --- Education Levels --- Educational Attainment, Maternal --- Educational Attainment, Paternal --- Educational Attainments --- Educational Level, Maternal --- Educational Level, Paternal --- Educational Levels --- Level, Education --- Level, Educational --- Level, Maternal Education --- Level, Maternal Educational --- Level, Paternal Education --- Level, Paternal Educational --- Levels, Maternal Educational --- Maternal Education Levels --- Maternal Educational Attainments --- Maternal Educational Levels --- Paternal Education Levels --- Paternal Educational Attainments --- Paternal Educational Levels --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic --- Psychology