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The book traces the use of physical models by engineering designers from the eighteenth century, through their heyday in the 1950s-70s, to their current use alongside computer models. It argues that their use has been at least as important in the development of engineering as scientific theory has. Physical models have been, and continue to be used by engineers when faced with unprecedented challenges, when engineering science has been inadequate or even non-existent, and in any other situation when engineers have needed to raise their confidence in a design proposal to a sufficient level in order to begin construction. For this reason, models have mostly been used by designers and constructors of highly innovative projects, when previous experience has not been available. The book covers the history of using physical models in the design and development of civil and building engineering projects including Robert Stephenson?s Britannia Bridge in the 1840s, the masonry Aswan Dam in the 1890s and the Boulder Dam in the 1930s; tidal flow in estuaries and wind and seismic loads on structures from the 1890s, the acoustics of concert halls and the design of thin concrete shell roofs from the 1920s, and the dynamic behaviour of tall buildings from the 1930s, as well as and cable-net and membrane structures in the 1960s. Individual designers featured include Eduardo Torroja, Pier Luigi Nervi, Heinz Hossdorf, Heinz Isler, Frei Otto, Sergio Musmeci and Mamoru Kawaguchi. The book concludes with overviews of the current use of physical models alongside computer models, for example in boundary layer wind tunnels, seismic engineering, hydrology, soil mechanics, and air flow in buildings. Traditionally, progress in engineering has been attributed to the creation and use of engineering science, the understanding of materials properties and the development of new construction methods. The book argues that the use of reduced-scale models has played an equally important part in the development of civil and building engineering. However, like the history of engineering design itself, this crucial contribution has not been widely reported or celebrated.

(Produktform)Hardback --- Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- Baustatik --- Baustatik u. Baumechanik --- Bauwesen --- Civil Engineering & Construction --- Civil Engineering & Construction Special Topics --- Geschichte der Physik --- History of Physics --- Materials Science --- Materialwissenschaften --- Materialwissenschaften / Theorie, Modellierung u. Simulation --- Physics --- Physics Special Topics --- Physik --- Spezialthemen Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- Spezialthemen Physik --- Stahlhochbau --- Stahlhochbau u. Brückenbau --- Steel Construction & Bridge Engineering --- Structural Theory & Structural Mechanics --- Structures --- Theory, Modeling & Simulation --- Tragwerke --- CE00: Allg. Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- CE03: Tragwerke --- CE07: Stahlhochbau u. Brückenbau --- CE80: Baustatik u. Baumechanik --- CEZ0: Spezialthemen Bauingenieur- u. Bauwesen --- MS90: Materialwissenschaften / Theorie, Modellierung u. Simulation --- PH00: Allg. Physik --- PH01: Geschichte der Physik --- PHZ0: Spezialthemen Physik --- (VLB-WN)1685: Hardcover, Softcover / Technik/Bautechnik, Umwelttechnik --- Civil engineering. Building industry --- civil engineering --- building physics --- construction models --- Civil engineering --- Engineering models --- Génie civil --- Modèles techniques --- Engineering models. --- Structural engineering --- Technique de la construction --- History --- Histoire

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Environmental concerns are driving demand for bio-degradable materials such as plant-based natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. These composites are fast replacing conventional materials in many applications, especially in automobiles, where tribology (friction, lubrication and wear) is important. This book covers the availability and processing of natural fiber polymer composites and their structural, thermal, mechanical and, in particular, tribological properties.Chapter 1 discusses sources of natural fibers, their extraction and surface modification. It also reviews the ther

621.89 --- 621.89 Lubrication --- Lubrication --- TEXTILPFLANZEN + FASERPFLANZEN (PFLANZENBAU) --- POLYMERE VERBUNDWERKSTOFFE + FASERVERSTÄRKTE KUNSTSTOFFE --- SCHMIERUNG, TRIBOLOGIE (MASCHINENBAU) --- MATERIALPRÜFUNG, MATERIALEIGENSCHAFTEN (MATERIALWISSENSCHAFTEN) --- TEXTILE PLANTS + FIBRE PLANTS (CROP PRODUCTION) --- PLANTES TEXTILES + PLANTES À FIBRES (PRODUCTION VÉGÉTALE) --- COMPOSITES ET PLASTIQUES RENFORCÉS PAR DES FIBRES --- POLYMER COMPOSITES + FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS --- LUBRICATION, TRIBOLOGY (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING) --- LUBRIFICATION, LUBRIFIANTS, DISPOSITIFS DE LUBRIFICATION, TRIBOLOGIE (INGÉNIERIE MÉCANIQUE) --- MATERIALS TESTING, MATERIALS PROPERTIES (MATERIALS SCIENCE) --- ESSAIS DES MATÉRIAUX, PROPRIÉTÉS DES MATÉRIAUX (SCIENCE DES MATÉRIAUX) --- Fibrous composites --- Polymeric composites --- Tribology. --- Fiber composites --- Fiber-reinforced composites --- Filament reinforced composites --- Reinforced fibrous composites --- Composite materials --- Friction --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Composite polymeric materials --- Polymer-matrix composites --- Reinforced plastics --- Mechanical properties.