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Open microfluidics--the study of microflows having a boundary with surrounding air--encompasses different aspects such as paper or thread-based microfluidics, droplet microfluidics and open-channel microfluidics. Open-channel microflow is a flow at the micro-scale, guided by solid structures, and having at least a free boundary (with air or vapor) other than the advancing meniscus. This book is devoted to the study of open-channel microfluidics which--contrary to paper or thread or droplet microfluidics--is still very sparsely documented, but bears many new applications in biology, biotechnology, medicine, material and space sciences. Capillarity being the principal force triggering an open microflow, the principles of capillarity are first recalled. The onset of open-channel microflow is next analyzed and the fundamental notion of generalized Cassie angle--the apparent contact angle which accounts for the presence of air--is presented. The theory of the dynamics of open-channel microflows is then developed, using the notion of averaged friction length which accounts for the presence of air along the boundaries of the flow domain. Different channel morphologies are studied and geometrical features such as valves and capillary pumps are examined. An introduction to two-phase open-channel microflows is also presented showing that immiscible plugs can be transported by an open-channel flow. Finally, a selection of interesting applications in the domains of space, materials, medicine and biology is presented, showing the potentialities of open-channel microfluidics.
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The progress of civilization can be, in part, attributed to our ability to employ metallurgy. This book is an introduction to multiple facets of physical metallurgy, materials science, and engineering. As all metals are crystalline in structure, attention is focussed on these structures, and how the formation of these crystals is responsible for certain aspects of the material's chemical and physical behaviour. The book also discusses the mechanical properties of metals, the theory of alloys, and physical metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
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In 1947, it was discovered that multiple scattering theory can be used to solve the Schrödinger equation for the stationary states of electrons in a solid. Written by experts in the field, Dr. J S Faulkner, G M Stocks, and Yang Wang, this book collates the results of numerous studies in the field of multiple scattering theory and provides a comprehensive, systematic approach to MSTs.
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In the early part of the 20th century, x-rays were first used for the investigation of the atomic structure of solids. Until the 1980s experimental evidence suggested that virtually all solid materials were either amorphous or ordered three-dimensional structures with translational and rotational symmetry that were described by classical crystallographic concepts. Since then, a number of structures that stretch the concept of a crystalline material have been discovered. In 1984 a solid phase, known as a quasicrystal, that possessed long-range order but lacked the periodicity of a crystalline material, was observed. At about the same time, novel molecular structures were observed for elemental carbon, and more recently, carbon has been prepared as a two-dimensional material. Some of the recently discovered materials with novel microstructures are reviewed in the present book. Part I of the book describes the structure and properties of quasicrystalline materials while Part II gives an overview of some of the unique phases that have been observed for elemental carbon. These unusual structures are discussed in the context of related materials with traditional crystallographic order.
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Written from the perspective of an experimental chemist, this book puts together some fundamentals from chemistry, solid state physics and quantum chemistry, to help with understanding and predicting the electronic and optical properties of organic semiconductors, both polymers and small molecules. The text is intended to assist graduate students and researchers in the field of organic electronics to use theory to design more efficient materials for organic electronic devices, such as organic solar cells, light emitting diodes and field effect transistors. After addressing some basic topics in solid state physics, a comprehensive introduction to molecular orbitals and band theory leads to a description of computational methods based on Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (DFT), for predicting geometry conformations, frontier levels and energy band structures. Topological defects and transport and optical properties are then addressed, and one of the most commonly used transparent conducting polymers, PEDOT:PSS, is described in some detail as a case study.
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Semiconductors and Modern Electronics is a brief introduction to the physics behind semiconductor technologies. Chuck Winrich, a physics professor at Babson College, explores the topic of semiconductors from a qualitative approach to understanding the theories and models used to explain semiconductor devices. Applications of semiconductors are explored and understood through the models developed in the book. The qualitative approach in this book is intended to bring the advanced ideas behind semiconductors to the broader audience of students who will not major in physics.
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Many physical properties of our universe, such as the relative strength of the fundamental interactions, the value of the cosmological constant, etc., appear to be fine-tuned for the existence of human life. One possible explanation of this fine tuning assumes the existence of a multiverse, which consists of a very large number of individual universes having different physical properties. Intelligent observers populate only a small subset of these universes, which are fine-tuned for life. In this book, we will review several interesting metamaterial systems, which capture many features of important cosmological models and offer insights into the physics of many other non-trivial spacetime geometries, such as microscopic black holes, closed time-like curves (CTCs) and the Alcubierre warp drive.
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Nanomaterials and nanostructures are the original product of nanotechnology, and the key building blocks for enabling technologies. In this context, this book presents a concise overview of the synthesis and characterization methods of nanomaterials and nanostructures, while integrating facets of physics, chemistry, and engineering. The book summarizes the fundamentals and technical approaches in synthesis, and processing of nanostructures and nanomaterials, giving the reader a systematic and quick picture of the field.
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There are more than 20 million chemicals in the literature, with new materials being synthesized each week. Most of these molecules are stable, and the 3-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in the molecules, in the various solids may be determined by routine x-ray crystallography. When this is done, it is found that this vast range of molecules, with varying sizes and shapes can be accommodated by only a handful of solid structures. This limited number of architectures for the packing of molecules of all shapes and sizes, to maximize attractive intermolecular forces and minimizing repulsive intermolecular forces, allows us to develop simple models of what holds the molecules together in the solid. In this volume we look at the origin of the molecular architecture of crystals; a topic that is becoming increasingly important and is often termed, crystal engineering. Such studies are a means of predicting crystal structures, and of designing crystals with particular properties by manipulating the structure and interaction of large molecules. That is, creating new crystal architectures with desired physical characteristics in which the molecules pack together in particular architectures; a subject of particular interest to the pharmaceutical industry.
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This textbook introduces the physics and applications of transport in mesoscopic devices and nanoscale electronic systems and devices. This expanded second edition is fully updated and contains the latest research in the field, including nano-devices for qubits, from both silicon quantum dots and superconducting SQUID circuits. Each chapter has worked examples, problems and solutions, and videos are provided as supplementary material. Intended as a textbook for first-year graduate courses in nanoelectronics or mesoscopic physics, the book is also a valuable reference text for researchers interested in nanostructures, and useful supplementary reading for advanced courses in quantum mechanics and electronic devices.
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