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English summary: This volume deals with the conflict between Pope John XXII and Emporer Louis of Bavaria, which was the last great dispute between the papacy and German imperial rule in the Middle Ages. In his Defensor pacis (1324) and other writings, the philosopher Marsilius of Padua declared his opposition to the papal claims of his age. In his main work, which was quickly denounced as heretical but seen today as a classic in political thought, he developed a theory of a sovereign political community as opposed to the church hierarchy.For a long time now historians and academics from other disciplines have asked what influence Marsilius of Padua, who became an advisor to Louis of Bavaria, had on the ruler, particularly during his Roman campaign. Drawing on a wide range of sources, Frank Godthardt examines to what extent Marsilius' political and eccliesiastical principles took effect in the political dealings of Louis, particularly on the occasion of the coronation of the Holy Roman Emporer in the absence of the Pope, the Emporer's decree of deposition of Pope John XXII, the election and appointment of the last imperial Antipope, as well as ecclesiastical politics in Italy. German description: In diesem Buch geht es um den Konflikt zwischen Papst Johannes XXII. und Kaiser Ludwig dem Bayern, der zur letzten grossen Auseinandersetzung zwischen Papsttum und Kaisertum im Mittelalter wurde. Der Philosoph Marsilius von Padua nahm in diesem Konflikt mit seinem Defensor pacis (1324) und anderen Schriften publizistisch Partei gegen die papalistischen Anspruche seiner Zeit und entwickelte in seinem bald als haretisch verurteilten Hauptwerk, das heute als Klassiker des politischen Denkens gilt, eine Theorie der gegenuber der kirchlichen Hierarchie souveranen politischen Gemeinschaft. Seit Langem wird in der Geschichtswissenschaft und anderen Disziplinen die Frage gestellt, welchen Einfluss Marsilius von Padua, der zum Ratgeber Ludwigs des Bayern aufstieg, vor allem wahrend des Romzugs (1327-1329) auf den Herrscher hatte. Frank Godthardt untersucht auf breiter Quellenbasis, inwieweit politische und ekklesiologische Grundsatze des Marsilius im politischen Handeln Ludwigs wirksam wurden, besonders bei der Kaiserkronung ohne Papst, dem kaiserlichen Absetzungsurteil gegen Johannes XXII., der Wahl und Einsetzung des letzten kaiserlichen Gegenpapstes, und der Kirchenpolitik in Italien.

Marsilius, --- Ludwig --- Mainardini, Marsiglio da, --- Mainardinus, Marsilius, --- Marsiglio Mainardino, --- Marsiglio, --- Marsilio, --- Marsilyus, --- Menandrinus, Marsilius, --- Raymundinis, Marsilius de, --- מארסיליוס, מפאדובה,

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State, The --- Constitutional law --- Law, Medieval --- Medieval law --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- Administration --- Commonwealth, The --- Sovereignty --- Political science --- Interpretation and construction --- Law --- -Marsilius of Padua --- Philosophy --- Constitutional law. --- Law, Medieval. --- State, The. --- Philosophy. --- Jurisprudence --- Marsilius, --- Mainardini, Marsiglio da, --- Mainardinus, Marsilius, --- Marsiglio Mainardino, --- Marsiglio, --- Marsilio, --- Marsilyus, --- Menandrinus, Marsilius, --- Raymundinis, Marsilius de, --- מארסיליוס, מפאדובה,

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Representative government and representation --- Philosophy, Medieval. --- Gouvernement représentatif --- Philosophie médiévale --- History --- Histoire --- Marsilius, --- Political and social views. --- Gouvernement représentatif --- Philosophie médiévale --- Philosophy, Medieval --- Parliamentary government --- Political representation --- Representation --- Self-government --- Constitutional history --- Constitutional law --- Political science --- Democracy --- Elections --- Republics --- Suffrage --- Medieval philosophy --- Scholasticism --- Mainardini, Marsiglio da, --- Mainardinus, Marsilius, --- Marsiglio Mainardino, --- Marsiglio, --- Marsilio, --- Marsilyus, --- Menandrinus, Marsilius, --- Raymundinis, Marsilius de, --- מארסיליוס, מפאדובה, --- Bartolus de Saxoferrato (1314?-1357) --- Idées politiques --- Marsile de Padoue --- Critique et interprétation --- Moyen âge --- Biographie

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Perhaps no author of the Latin Middle Ages has been the subject of so much controversy and even vitriol than Marsilius of Padua (c. 1275-1342/43). As author of the notorious heretical tract, the Defensor Pacis, Marsilius became an infamous figure throughout the intellectual and political centres of Europe during his own lifetime. His magnum opus, a sharply pointed dissection of the damage done to earthly political life by the incursions of the papacy and a plea for conciliar ecclesiology, was repeatedly condemned during the fourteenth century and in later years. Yet the treatise continued to be disseminated and received translation into several vernacular languages. During the Reformation, Marsilius and his Defensor Pacis enjoyed another round of acclamation and denunciation, depending upon one’s confession. In July 2003, a group comprising many of the world’s most renowned scholars of medieval political thought gathered for a ‘Marsilius of Padua World Congress’. The contents of the present volume represent a compendium of innovative scholarly contributions to the understanding of Marsilius, his life and times, and his lasting impact on Western thought. Included are chapters that reflect a range of recent, ground-breaking research by both senior scholars and the future leaders in the field. After a general survey of the current state of scholarship on Marsilius, the volume divides into three thematically organized sections, covering a variety of historical, textual, methodological, theological, and theoretical questions. In all of the essays, readers will discover the wealth and complexity of Marsilius’s thought as well as the startling range of approaches and methods of interpretation taken in the study of his work. The volume’s selection of authors is international in scope and represents the first interdisciplinary scholarly collaboration in the field of Marsilian studies to occur in the twenty-first century.

Marsilius, --- Mainardini, Marsiglio da, --- Mainardinus, Marsilius, --- Marsiglio Mainardino, --- Marsiglio, --- Marsilio, --- Marsilyus, --- Menandrinus, Marsilius, --- Raymundinis, Marsilius de, --- מארסיליוס, מפאדובה, --- Marsilius of Padua --- Marsilius de Padua --- Marsilius, - of Padua, - d. 1342? --- Marsilius, - of Padua, - d. 1342? - Defensor pacis. --- Marsile de Padoue --- Louis 04 (empereur germanique ; 1287-1347) --- Saint Empire romain germanique --- Philosophie médiévale --- Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) --- Marsile de Padoue (1275?-1343?). Defensor pacis --- Biographie --- Relations extérieures --- Paputé --- 14e siècle --- Critique et interprétation

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"When was photography invented? In 1826 with the first permanent photograph? If we depart from the technologically oriented accounts and consider photography as a philosophical discourse an alternative history appears, one which examines the human impulse to reconstruct the photogogic or "the evoking of light". The significance of the photagogic throughout the history of ideas is explored via the Platonic Dialogues, Iamblichus' theurgic writings, Marsilio Ficino's texts and the works of Renaissance magus John Dee. This alternative history is not a replacement of other narratives of photographic history but rather offers a way of rethinking photography's ontological instability."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Photography --- Lighting --- History. --- Lighting. --- Ficinus, Marsilius --- Iamblichus --- Plato --- Aristokles --- Eflātun --- Eflatun --- Platonius --- Platão --- Platōnas --- Platonas --- Pseudo-Plato --- Platao --- Po-la-t'u --- Bolatu --- P'urat'on --- P'ullat'o --- P'ullat'on --- Ps.-Platon --- Pġaton --- Aflaṭôn --- Aplaṭôn --- Aflāṭūn --- Platōn --- Platon --- Platone --- Pseudo-Platon --- プラトーン --- Պղատոն --- أفلاطون --- 柏拉圖 --- פלטו --- פלאטו --- פלאטאן --- Philosoph --- Athen --- Beurer, Johannes Jakob --- Vietor, Theodor --- Cornarius, Janus --- Gessner, Conrad --- Serres, Jean <> --- Morcillo, Sebastián Fox --- Aratus --- Proclus --- Johannes --- Agricola, Rudolf --- Glaukon --- v427-v347 --- v04 --- -v03 --- -Iamblichos --- Jamblichos --- Jamblich --- Jamblichus --- Giamblico --- Jamblique --- Jamblichius --- Jámblico --- Iamblichos --- 250-325 --- 02 --- -03 --- -Ficinio, Marsilio --- Ficino, Marsiglio --- Frigillanus, Matthaeus --- Fici., Marsilius --- Ficino, Marsilio --- Ficinius, Marsilius --- Marsiglio --- Marsilio --- Marsilius --- Ficin, Marcile --- Vicino, Marsilio --- Vicinus, Marsilius --- Ficin, Marsile --- Ficino, Marsillio --- Fichino, Marsilio --- Humanist --- Figline Valdarno --- Florenz-Careggi --- Florenz --- Grevenbroich, Wilhelm --- Thomas --- Priscianus --- Athenagoras --- Baïf, Lazare <> --- Hugo --- Tockler, Konrad --- Adelphus, Johannes --- Plotinus --- 19.10.1433-01.10.1499 --- 1433-1499