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Marranos were Spanish or Portuguese Jews who converted to Christianity at the time of the Spanish Inquisition to avoid being massacred or forced to flee but who continued to practise Judaism in secret. They were persecuted by the first racist blood laws but the water of forced baptism was not enough to make them assimilate. Donatella Di Cesare sees the marranos as the quintessential figures of the modern condition: the marranos were not just those whom modernity cast out as the ‘other’, but were those ‘others’ who were forced to disavow their beliefs and conceal themselves. They became ‘the other of the other’, doubly excluded, condemned to a life of existential duplicity with no way out, spurned by both Catholics and Jews and unable to belong fully to either community. But this double life of the marranos turned out to be a secret source of strength. Doubly estranged, with no possibility of redemption, the marranos became modernity’s first true radicals. Dissidents out of necessity, they inaugurated modernity with their ambivalence and their split self. And their story is not over. By treating the history of the marranos as a prism through which to grasp the defining features of modernity, this highly original book will be of interest to a wide readership.

Marranos --- Jews

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Jews --- Sephardim --- Sephardim --- Marranos

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En 1497, après une longue période de protection et de faste, les juifs portugais furent forcés de se convertir au christianisme, comme le voulait le roi dom Manuel. Cette date marque le début d'une histoire fascinante et double. D'un côté, l'histoire de la culture clandestine des marranes, sans cesse menacée par l'implacable et bureaucratique Inquisition, mais pourtant tenace, à tel point qu'on a pu en observer certaines survivances au XXe siècle dans des contrées reculées du pays.De l'autre, celle d'une fuite secrète du royaume, d'une diaspora éclatée aux quatre coins du monde, caractérisée par une homogénéité remarquable et cultivant une nostalgie étrange envers une patrie lointaine et irréversiblement disparue. L'avers et le revers d'une histoire confisquée, qui s'est prolongée durant plus de trois siècles, jusqu'à ce que la révolution libérale de 1820 permette à quelques petites communautés de revenir s'installer au Portugal.L'histoire des juifs portugais est celle d'un entêtement. Elle montre comment s'est construite et perpétuée l'identité d'une nation, en dépit des atteintes successives portées à sa religion, à son territoire, à sa langue et à ses traditions. Une nation dont les enfants se sont appelés Gracia Nasi, Samuel Usque, Pedro Nunes, Baruch Spinoza ou, plus près de nous, Pierre Mendès France et qui, avant l'émergence du nationalisme moderne, incarne l'une des plus étonnantes "victoires de l'histoire sur la géographie".Ce livre, d'une lecture aisée, en donne pour la première fois un aperçu d'ensemble.

Jews --- Jews --- Marranos --- Portugal

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The essays in this volume deal with the social and intellectual history of the Western Spanish and Portuguese Jews who established new communities in Northwestern Europe during the seventeenth century. The founders of these communities were mainly former Marranos , descendants of those Jews who had converted to Christianity in the closing years of the Middle Ages. After being separated from the Jewish world for many generations, they returned to Judaism and became an integral part of the Sephardi nation. Amsterdam became the metropolis of this new Jewish diaspora, which was characterised by both its involvement in colonial trade and its intellectual ferment. The reencounter of these Jews with Judaism was a complex affair, and for many of these former New Christians rabbinic Judaism aroused harsh criticism. In order to set the boundaries of their new identity, the leadership of the Sephardi communities of Amsterdam, Hamburg and London adopted a variety of strategies designed to rein in these wayward spirits. This process of socialisation into the Jewish world created a new type of Judaism, and those whose Jewish life was framed by this new amalgam can be considered the precursors of modernity in European Jewish society.

Jews --- Marranos --- Sephardim --- History

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Spinoza, Benedictus de --- Marranos