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Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) offer opportunities for sustainable economic growth in Nepal.Nepal currently does not hold a significant share of global markets for MAPs, but MAPs are relatively more important in Nepal's export basket compared with other countries.Nepal currently does not hold a significant share of global markets for MAPs, but MAPs are relatively more important in Nepal's export basket compared with other countries.Market access is affected by non-tariff measures in this sector.Currently, Nepal primarily competes in the segment of raw and unbranded MAPs for the non-discerning user. This segment has minimal value addition and a high degree of global competition.This study identifies two segments where Nepal is well positioned to compete in the short to medium term: (i) lightly processed products for the discerning and conscientious consumer, specifically personal care products; and (ii) heavily processed, mass-produced products for non-discerning buyers, specifically Ayurvedic and traditional medicine products.Personal care products are an attractive market segment for individual Nepali entrepreneurs and micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs).Nepali firms have the potential to integrate into regional and global value chains for traditional herbal and Ayurvedic medicinal products.While Nepali firms have the potential to compete successfully in the two identified segments, they face many challenges that need to be addressed. Many of the constraints in the MAPs value chains in Nepal are similar to those across the broader agribusiness sector.These challenges include issues with land rental and aggregating land; lack of investment in physical infrastructure; lack of R and D; distortions in input markets (fertilizer and seeds); poor extension services; inadequate support for building firm capabilities; weak quality infrastructure (for testing and certification) that restricts access to foreign markets; poor logistics; insufficient investment in supply chains; and poor access to finance for smaller players in the sector.Sustainability of MAPs is a major concern, especially in higher elevation areas, and requires continued conservation efforts.The government should ease trade frictions for suppliers providing raw materials to domestic manufacturers.In the personal products segment, Nepali firms could benefit from a more conducive environment for e-commerce and skills development.The Ayurvedic and traditional medicine products segment in Nepal could benefit from protecting Nepal's cultural heritage and traditional medicine systems, implementing intellectual property rights (IPR) polices to support private sector growth and attract FDI, and research support to identify the intensity of specific MAPs in their most common final products.Global demand for MAPs, especially as inputs for more complex final goods, has been increasing steadily since the turn of the century. Nepal has the potential to tap into this demand and compete successfully in this market if the challenges faced by Nepali players in the MAPs value chains are addressed.

Export Competitiveness --- Gender --- Industrial and Market Data and Reporting --- Industry --- Microenterprises --- Pro-Poor Growth

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Il est appréciable que le peuple de cette nation ne comprenne rien au système bancaire et monétaire. Car si tel était le cas, je pense que nous serions confrontés à une révolution avant demain matin. Jamais cette phrase d’Henry Ford n’aura été si actuelle, et ce grâce aux transactions à haute fréquence. Si le trading ultra-rapide (qui représente désormais plus de 60% des échanges boursiers aux Etats-Unis) fait de plus en plus parler de lui, il n’existe aucun ouvrage accessible en français sur ces algorithmes qui calculent à la micro-seconde pertes et profits. 6 vient combler cette absence. Le sujet de « 5 », suite et fin de « 6 », sera principalement la montée en puissance de la modélisation mathématique des marchés, qui n’a qu’un seul objectif : prédire le futur (où le sous-titre de ce second opus : “Retour vers le futur”). Ces théories prédictives sont apparues en France à la fin du XXe siècle, et ont commencé à pénétrer le monde de la finance américaine dans les années 1960, un certain nombre des précurseurs de la mathématisation des marchés ayant auparavant testé leurs théories à… Las Vegas.

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How society's undervaluing of life puts all of us at risk-and the groundbreaking economic measure that can fix itLike it or not, sometimes we need to put a monetary value on people's lives. In the past, government agencies used the financial "cost of death" to monetize the mortality risks of regulatory policies, but this method vastly undervalued life. Pricing Lives tells the story of how the government came to adopt an altogether different approach--the value of a statistical life, or VSL-and persuasively shows how its more widespread use could create a safer and more equitable society for everyone.In the 1980s, W. Kip Viscusi used the method to demonstrate that the benefits of requiring businesses to label hazardous chemicals immensely outweighed the costs. VSL is the risk-reward trade-off that people make about their health when considering risky job choices. With it, Viscusi calculated how much more money workers would demand to take on hazardous jobs, boosting calculated benefits by an order of magnitude. His current estimate of the value of a statistical life is

Hazardous occupations. --- Age and employment. --- Life --- Employment and age --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Ability, Influence of age on --- Child labor --- Post-retirement employment --- Dangerous occupations --- High risk jobs --- High risk occupations --- Injurious occupations --- Occupations, Dangerous --- Occupations --- Valuation --- Economic aspects --- Philosophy --- Adobe. --- Air pollution. --- Attempt. --- Automobile safety. --- Beneficiary. --- Calculation. --- Case study. --- Chemical waste. --- Commodity. --- Consideration. --- Construction. --- Consumer protection. --- Consumer. --- Cost-effectiveness analysis. --- Cost–benefit analysis. --- Damages. --- Determination. --- Deterrence (legal). --- Devaluation. --- Discounts and allowances. --- Dividend. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Employment. --- Environmental justice. --- Estimates. --- Estimation. --- Executive order. --- Expenditure. --- Expense. --- Government agency. --- Guideline. --- Hazardous waste. --- Health economics. --- Health effect. --- Hedonic damages. --- Hindsight bias. --- Incentive. --- Income. --- Inherent risk. --- Insurance. --- Legislation. --- Life expectancy. --- Market data. --- Meta-analysis. --- Monetization. --- Motor vehicle. --- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. --- Occupational Safety and Health Administration. --- Occupational fatality. --- Occupational safety and health. --- Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. --- Office of Management and Budget. --- Pain and suffering. --- Payment. --- Personal injury. --- Plaintiff. --- Policy analysis. --- Policy debate. --- Policy. --- Present value. --- Price level. --- Pricing. --- Probability. --- Product defect. --- Product design. --- Publication. --- Punitive damages. --- Quantity adjustment. --- Regulation. --- Regulatory Impact Analysis. --- Regulatory agency. --- Requirement. --- Respondent. --- Risk analysis. --- Risk assessment. --- Risk management. --- Risk premium. --- Risk. --- Safety standards. --- Selection bias. --- Shortfall. --- Statistic. --- Superfund. --- Trade-off. --- Uncertainty. --- United States Department of Health and Human Services. --- United States Environmental Protection Agency. --- Utilization. --- Valuation (finance). --- Value (economics). --- Value of life. --- Wage. --- Welfare. --- Well-being. --- Willingness to pay. --- Workers' compensation. --- Year. --- United States. --- AB --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattn --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērik --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki 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Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- ZSA --- ABŞ --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí