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In many markets, industry and policymakers agree that there may be too many insurers. In others, the consensus is that there could be benefit from more competition. But this broad consensus is often supported by evidence that is more qualitative, anecdotal, or judgmental despite being unanimous. What is less clear, however, is how far consolidation or liberalization will go, how fast, and when it will end. This paper presents some initial observations from a cross-country data set and proposes that individual country results can be interpreted against this data set to inform expectations regarding trends in competition, concentration and consolidation, to inform analysis of the sector, for individual firm strategic planning and wider market risk assessments. A "natural level" for measures is suggested as a starting hypothesis. Further consideration is then made of the role of absolute market size, stage of market development, and differentials between life and non life segments. Analysis of the natural level, adjusted for market conditions, can then be used to develop preliminary views on current and expected market dynamics, strategic planning, and to inform policy, regulatory and supervisory priorities.

Debt Markets --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gross domestic product --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market conditions --- Market development --- Market entry --- Market risk --- Market risk assessments --- MARKET SHARE --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopolies --- Monopoly --- Price wars --- Private Sector Development

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This paper estimates the impact of a change in procurement strategy of a private buyer in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Beginning in October 2000, internet kiosks and warehouses were established that provide wholesale price information and an alternative marketing channel to soy farmers in the state. Using a new market-level dataset, the estimates suggest a significant increase in soy price after the introduction of kiosks, supporting the predictions of the theoretical model. Moreover, there is a robust increase in area under soy cultivation. The results point towards an improvement in the functioning of rural agricultural markets.

Access to Markets --- Agribusiness --- Agriculture --- Auction --- Average price --- Competitiveness --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Direct marketing --- E-Business --- Fair --- International Economics and Trade --- International market --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market conditions --- Marketing --- Marketing Board --- Markets and Market Access --- Open auctions --- Price comparison --- Private Sector Development --- Sale --- Sales --- Spot markets --- Spread --- Surplus --- Warehouses --- Wholesale price --- Wholesale prices --- Wholesalers

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The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights negotiated in 1986 under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the institutional predecessor of the World Trade Organization, incorporated substantial and uniform protections of intellectual property rights into the international trade system. A large body of contemporary academic literature suggests that intellectual property rights on socially valuable goods such as essential medicines give rise to a number of ethical problems. This review paper seeks to give an overview of these problems. Moreover, it offers an outline and discussion of a number of proposals as to how these problems might be alleviated. The paper is primarily descriptive in character. This means that although a personal perspective is sometimes offered, the primary ambition of the paper is not to argue for, and defend, a particular solution to the issues discussed. The aim is rather to highlight, explain and put into perspective a number of important arguments in the debate on the ethical nature of intellectual property rights so that policy-makers and other stakeholders are relatively well-equipped to make up their own mind on the issue.

Debt Markets --- Differential pricing --- E-Business --- Economic Theory & Research --- Fair --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Health --- Inferior products --- International market --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market conditions --- Market entry --- Market failure --- Market incentives --- Market price --- Market share --- Marketing --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopoly --- Nutrition and Population --- Population Policies --- Price discrimination --- Pricing scheme --- Private Sector Development --- Product quality --- Sales --- Shadow price --- Suppliers --- Supply contract

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This paper examines firm entry and survival in exporting, and in products and markets not previously served by any domestic exporters. The authors use data on the nontraditional agriculture sector in Peru, which grew seven-fold from 1994 to 2007. They find tremendous firm entry and exit in the export sector, with exits more likely after one year and among firms that start small. There is also significant entry and exit in new markets. In contrast, such trial and error in new products is rare. New products are typically discovered by large experienced exporters and there is increased entry after products are discovered. The results imply that high sunk costs of entry are of concern for product discovery, especially for products that are not consumed domestically. In contrast, the tremendous entry and exit in exporting and in new markets suggests that initial sunk costs are relatively low. The authors develop a model that explains how entrepreneurs decide to export and to develop new export products and markets when there are sunk costs of discovery and uncertainty about idiosyncratic costs. The model explains many features of the data.

Access to Markets --- Brand --- Brand names --- Competitiveness --- Debt Markets --- Direct market --- Domestic market --- Domestic markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Export market --- Export markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Home market --- International Economics and Trade --- International markets --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Market conditions --- Market development --- Market information --- Market share --- Marketing --- Markets and Market Access --- Merchandise --- Microfinance --- Product market --- Sales

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This paper introduces the first effort to quantitatively document the small arms market by collating field reports and journalist accounts to produce a cross-country time-series price index of Kalashnikov assault rifles. A model of the small arms market is developed and empirically estimated to identify the key determinants of assault rifle prices. Variables which proxy the effective height of trade barriers for illicit trade are consistently significant in determining weapon price variation. When controlling for other factors, the collapse of the Soviet Union does not have as large an impact on weapon prices as is generally believed.

Access to Markets --- Black Market --- Commodity Prices --- Conflict and Development --- Demand --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Factor Prices --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market --- Market Conditions --- Markets --- Markets and Market Access --- Peace and Peacekeeping --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Price --- Price Index --- Price Variation --- Prices --- Private Sector Development --- Product --- Products --- Purchasing --- Suppliers --- Supply --- Supply Costs --- Supply Equations --- Value