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The second volume of "Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments - The Impacts of Global Change on Biodiversity" from the series "From Pole to Pole" integrates the marine biology contribution of the first tome to the IPY 2007-2009, presenting overviews of organisms (from bacteria and ciliates to higher vertebrates) thriving on polar continental shelves, slopes and deep sea. The speed and extent of warming in the Arctic and in regions of Antarctica (the Peninsula, at the present ) are greater than elsewhere. Changes impact several parameters, in particular the extent of sea ice; organisms, ecosystems and communities that became finely adapted to increasing cold in the course of millions of years are now becoming vulnerable, and biodiversity is threatened. Investigating evolutionary adaptations helps to foresee the impact of changes in temperate areas, highlighting the invaluable contribution of polar marine research to present and future outcomes of the IPY in the Earth system scenario.

Biodiversity --- Biotic communities --- Climatic changes --- Marine animals --- Marine ecology --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Evolution (Biology) --- Climatic factors --- Environmental aspects --- Adaptation --- Animal evolution --- Animals --- Biological evolution --- Darwinism --- Evolutionary biology --- Evolutionary science --- Origin of species --- Environment --- Biological oceanography --- Marine ecosystems --- Ocean --- Marine fauna --- Ocean animals --- Sea animals --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Biocenoses --- Biocoenoses --- Biogeoecology --- Biological communities --- Biomes --- Biotic community ecology --- Communities, Biotic --- Community ecology, Biotic --- Ecological communities --- Ecosystems --- Natural communities --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Evolution --- Ecology --- Biodiversity -- Climatic factors -- Polar Regions. --- Marine ecology -- Polar Regions. --- Marine organisms -- Adaptation -- Polar Regions. --- Marine organisms -- Effect of pollution on -- Polar Regions. --- Marine pollution -- Polar Regions. --- Environment. --- Geobiology. --- Ecology. --- Biodiversity. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Climate change. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Biogeosciences. --- Climate Change. --- Evolutionary Biology. --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Population biology --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Biological fitness --- Homoplasy --- Natural selection --- Phylogeny --- Self-organizing systems --- Variation (Biology) --- Genetics --- Aquatic ecology --- Aquatic animals --- Marine organisms --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Climatic changes. --- Evolution (Biology). --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Environmental monitoring. --- Ecology . --- Earth sciences --- Biosphere --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Global environmental change