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Creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, primarily by binding with phosphate to form phosphocreatine (PCr) as well as shuttling high-energy phosphate compounds in and out of the mitochondria for metabolism. Increasing the dietary availability of creatine increases the tissue and cellular availability of PCr, and thereby enhances the ability to maintain high-energy states during intense exercise. For this reason, creatine monohydrate has been extensively studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport. Limitations in the ability to synthesize creatine and transport and/or store dietary creatine can impair metabolism and is a contributor to several disease states. Additionally, creatine provides an important source of energy during metabolically stressed states, particularly when oxygen availability is limited. Thus, researchers have assessed the role of creatine supplementation on health throughout the lifespan, as well as whether creatine availability may improve disease management and/or therapeutic outcomes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in metabolism, health throughout the lifespan, and our current understanding of how creatine can promote brain, heart, vascular and immune health; reduce the severity of musculoskeletal and brain injury; and may provide therapeutic benefits in glucose management and diabetes, cancer therapy, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-viral fatigue.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- ergogenic aids --- cellular metabolism --- phosphagens --- sarcopenia --- cognition --- diabetes --- creatine synthesis deficiencies --- concussion --- traumatic brain injury --- spinal cord injury --- muscle atrophy --- rehabilitation --- pregnancy --- immunity --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidant --- anticancer --- creatine --- nutritional supplements --- fertility --- newborn --- development --- brain injury --- post-viral fatigue syndrome --- chronic fatigue syndrome --- GAA --- creatine kinase --- dietary supplements --- exercise --- skeletal muscle --- glycemic control --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- phosphorylcreatine --- dietary supplement --- ergogenic aid --- youth --- athletes --- osteoporosis --- osteosarcopenia --- frailty --- cachexia --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- inflammation --- macrophage polarization --- cytotoxic T cells --- toll-like receptors --- vascular pathology --- cardiovascular disease --- oxidative stress --- vascular health --- female --- menstrual cycle --- hormones --- exercise performance --- menopause --- mood --- children --- height --- BMI-for-age --- stature-for-age --- growth --- phosphocreatine --- creatine transporter --- supplementation --- treatment --- heart --- heart failure --- ischemia --- myocardial infarction --- anthracycline --- cardiac toxicity --- energy metabolism --- cell survival --- bioinformatics --- systems biology --- cellular allostasis --- dynamic biosensor --- pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- creatine kinase (CK) --- phosphocreatine (PCr) --- creatine transporter (CrT) --- intestinal epithelial cell protection --- intestinal tissue protection --- creatine perfusion --- organ transplantation --- Adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) --- activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- liver kinase B1 (LKB1) --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glucose transporter (GLUT) --- T cell antitumor immunity --- metabolic regulator --- cancer immunotherapy --- supplements --- muscle damage --- recovery --- immobilization --- atrophy --- muscular dystrophy --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- Parkinson’s Disease --- cardiopulmonary disease --- mitochondrial cytopathy --- hypertrophy --- athletic performance --- weightlifting --- resistance exercise --- training --- muscular power --- muscular adaptation --- muscle fatigue --- adipose tissue --- muscle strength --- physiological adaptation --- mitochondria --- thermogenesis --- MAP kinase signaling system --- sodium-chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters --- signal transduction --- intradialytic creatine supplementation --- hemodialysis --- muscle --- protein energy wasting --- clinical trial --- muscle weakness --- chronic fatigue --- cognitive impairment --- depression --- anemia --- resistance training --- sports nutrition --- strength --- toxicity --- methylation --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- neuromodulation --- MCDA --- mitochondriopathia --- cardiac infarction --- long COVID --- hypoxia --- stroke --- neurodegenerative diseases --- noncommunicable disease --- adenosine 5′-monopnophosphate-activated protein kinase --- anthracyclines --- creatine supplementation --- cardiac signaling --- cardiotoxicity --- doxorubicin --- soy --- vegetarian/vegan diet --- amino acids --- dietary ingredients --- performance

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Small GTPases play a key role in many aspects of contemporary cell biology: control of cell growth and differentiation; regulation of cell adhesion and cell movement; the organization of the actin cytoskeleton; and the regulation of intracellular vesicular transport.This volume and its companions (Volumes 255, 256, 257, and the forthcoming 325) cover all biochemical and biological assays currently in use for analyzing the role of small GTPases in these aspects of cell biology at the molecular level.

Guanosine triphosphatase. --- ras Proteins. --- ras Proteins --- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins --- GTP-Binding Proteins --- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins --- Peptides --- Carrier Proteins --- GTP Phosphohydrolases --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Acid Anhydride Hydrolases --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Hydrolases --- Enzymes --- Enzymes and Coenzymes --- Ras proteins. --- G proteins. --- GTP-binding proteins --- GTP regulatory proteins --- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins --- Guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins --- Guanosine triphosphatase --- Guanosine-trifosfatase --- Guanosinetriphosphatase --- Trifosfatase [Guanosine-] --- Triphosphatase [Guanosine] --- rho GTP-Binding Proteins --- Binding Protein --- Binding Proteins --- Transport Proteins --- Protein, Binding --- Proteins, Binding --- Proteins, Carrier --- Proteins, Transport --- G-Protein --- GTP-Binding Protein --- GTP-Regulatory Protein --- Guanine Nucleotide Coupling Protein --- G-Proteins --- GTP-Regulatory Proteins --- Guanine Nucleotide Regulatory Proteins --- G Protein --- G Proteins --- GTP Binding Protein --- GTP Binding Proteins --- GTP Regulatory Protein --- GTP Regulatory Proteins --- Protein, GTP-Binding --- Protein, GTP-Regulatory --- Proteins, GTP-Binding --- Proteins, GTP-Regulatory --- Intracellular Signaling Peptides --- Intracellular Signaling Proteins --- Peptides, Intracellular Signaling --- Proteins, Intracellular Signaling --- Signaling Peptides, Intracellular --- Signaling Proteins, Intracellular --- P21 (rho)Protein --- rho GTP-Binding Protein --- rho Protein P21 --- rho G-Proteins --- rho GTPases --- rho Small GTP-Binding Proteins --- G-Proteins, rho --- GTP-Binding Protein, rho --- GTP-Binding Proteins, rho --- GTPases, rho --- P21, rho Protein --- rho G Proteins --- rho GTP Binding Protein --- rho GTP Binding Proteins --- rho Small GTP Binding Proteins --- GTP Phosphohydrolase --- GTPase --- GTPases --- Guanosine Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases --- Guanosinetriphosphatases --- Phosphohydrolase, GTP --- Phosphohydrolases, GTP --- Phosphohydrolases, Guanosine Triphosphate --- Triphosphate Phosphohydrolases, Guanosine --- ras-Related G-Proteins --- ras-Related GTP-Binding Proteins --- G-Proteins, Monomeric --- GTP-Binding Proteins, Monomeric --- Monomeric G-Proteins --- Small G-Proteins --- Small GTPases --- ras-Related GTPases --- G Proteins, Monomeric --- G-Proteins, Small --- G-Proteins, ras-Related --- GTP Binding Proteins, Monomeric --- GTP-Binding Proteins, ras-Related --- GTPases, Small --- GTPases, ras-Related --- Monomeric G Proteins --- Monomeric GTP Binding Proteins --- Proteins, ras-Related GTP-Binding --- Small G Proteins --- ras Related G Proteins --- ras Related GTP Binding Proteins --- ras Related GTPases --- Anhydride Hydrolases, Acid --- Hydrolases, Acid Anhydride --- Biochemistry -- Periodicals. --- Biochemistry -- Technique. --- Enzymes -- Collections. --- Enzymes -- Periodicals. --- Enzymologie -- Technique -- Collections. --- GTP Phosphohydrolases. --- GTP phosphohydrolase --- Guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase --- GTP phosphohydrolases. --- Cytoplasmic Vesicles --- Physiological effect --- G proteins --- Membrane proteins --- Phosphatases --- Coenzymes and Enzymes --- Biocatalysts --- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action --- Protein Binding --- Receptors, Transferrin --- Gene Products, Protein --- Gene Proteins --- Protein Gene Products --- Proteins, Gene --- Polypeptides --- Biocatalyst --- Enzyme --- Carrier Protein --- Transport Protein --- Protein, Carrier --- Protein, Transport --- Protein --- Peptide --- Polypeptide --- Hydrolase --- Small GTPase --- GTPase, Small --- rho GTPase --- GTPase, rho --- Gene expression. --- Gtp phosphohydrolases --- Map kinase signaling system --- Adp-ribosylation factors --- Gtp-binding proteins --- Gtp phosphohydrolase activators --- Gtp-binding protein regulators